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. 2018 Oct 2;8:14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32613-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BCAAem promotes the mobilization of donor bone marrow-derived EGFP endothelial progenitors to dystrophic muscles. Bone marrow (BM) of donor C57BL6/J-EGFP mice was transplanted into lethally irradiated host C57BL6/J and mdx mice (referred to after transplantation as C57BL6/J-EGFP and mdx-EGFP mice). BM-transplanted animals were treated with BCAAem and compared to untreated animals. Flow cytometric analysis of SCA1+ CD34+ EGFP+ EPs and CD31+/CD90+ EGFP+ endothelial cells (ECs) was performed in blood (a) and in TA (b) and VM (c) muscle tissue isolated from BCAAem-treated and untreated C57BL6/J-EGFP and mdx-EGFP mice (n = 5 for each experimental group). FACS analysis of CXCR4+ EGFP+ and SDF-1+ cells (d) is shown in TA muscle of C57BL6/J-EGFP and mdx-EGFP mice. Quantification of EGFP+ cells is shown as percentage of total isolated cells for TA and VM. The increase in the number of EPs in the muscles of BCAAem-treated mdx-EGFP mice demonstrates that BCAAem supplementation stimulates muscle homing of BM stem cells. The muscle homing effect of BCAAem is supported by the increase in the levels of CXCR4+/EGFP+ and SDF-1+ cells (n = 5 for each experimental group). Individual data are shown in the graphs, and the line indicates the mean value. Statistical error analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001 indicate comparisons that reflect significant differences relative to the untreated group.