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. 2018 Oct 2;8:14659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32613-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BCAAem recruits endothelial progenitors to dystrophic VM muscles. Cryosections of VM (a) muscle tissues of BCAAem-treated and untreated C57BL6/J-EGFP and mdx-EGFP mice were were immunostained for GFP, and costained for CD31 and laminin (lam) (n = 5 for each experimental group). Nuclei were stained with DAPI. EGFP+ cells were detected in the interstitial spaces (arrowheads in a) and inside small CD31+ vessels (boxes in a). Magnification (X 1,000) of boxes indicate vessels expressing GFP (green), laminin (red), CD31 (purple). Merged images reveal vessel areas of costaining, as evidenced by the grey staining pattern. Scale bar, 45 µm. Quantifications of EGFP+ cells (b) and EGFP+ CD31+ cells (c) in each section and CD31+ vessels per fibre (d) and α-SMA+ cells per section (e) are shown. All data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. Statistical error analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 indicate comparisons that reflect significant differences relative to the untreated group. Histograms correspond to: untreated (white) and BCAAem-treated (black).