Table 4.

Long-term rent subsidy (LTRS) versus usual care (UC), impacts at 20 and 37 months after random assignment.

Domain Outcome	At 20 Months				At 37 Months

	LTRS	UC	ITT Impact Estimate (SE)		LTRS	UC	ITT Impact Estimate (SE)		Difference in Impact
Housing Stability

At least one night homeless or doubled up (past 6 mo.) or in shelter (past 12 mo.) (%)	20.2	48.6	−28.4 (3.1)	^***	16.9	38.1	−21.2 (3.0)	^***	7.2	^†
At least one night homeless or doubled up in past 6 months (%)	15.9	41.0	−25.1 (3.0)	^***	15.8	34.0	−18.2 (2.9)	^***	6.8	^†
Number of places lived in past 6 months	1.42	1.78	−0.37 (0.08)	^***	1.34	1.58	−0.25(0.07)	^***	0.12
Any stay in emergency shelter in months 7 to 18/months 21 to 32 after RA (%)	12.1	26.8	−14.8 (2.57)	^***	4.4	18.8	−14.4 (2.26)	^***	0.3

Family Preservation

Family has at least one child separated in past 6 months (%)	9.8	16.9	−7.0 (2.4)	^***	13.5	16.9	−3.3 (2.6)		3.7
Spouse/partner separated in past 6 months, of those with spouse/partner present at RA (%) [limited base]	34.8	33.9	0.9 (6.5)		47.8	34.3	13.4 (6.5)	^**	12.5	^†
Family has no child reunified, of those families with at least one child absent at RA (%) [limited base]	64.7	69.7	−4.9		55.9	62.7	−6.8(8.0)		−1.8

Adult Well-being

Health in past 30 days was poor or fair (%)	31.4	31.4	0.0 (2.9)		32.2	29.1	3.1 (2.9)		3.1
Psychological Distress^a	6.65	7.63	−0.99 (0.34)	^***	6.69	7.42	−0.73 (0.38)	^*	0.26
Alcohol dependence or drug abuse (%)^b	12.2	16.7	−4.5 (2.4)	^*	12.3	14.4	−2.1 (2.4)		2.4
Experienced intimate partner violence in past 6 months (%)	5.5	12.2	−6.8 (2.0)	^***	7.8	11.8	−4.0 (2.2)	^*	2.8

Child Well-being

Number of schools attended since RA^c	1.73	1.94	−0.21 (0.06)	^***	1.88	2.04	−0.15 (0.07)	^**	0.06
Child care or school absences in last month (ages 5 to 17 years)^d	0.83	1.04	−0.20 (0.09)	^**	0.93	1.01	−0.08 (0.13)		0.13
Poor or fair health (%)	5.2	4.7	0.5(1.4)		7.9	5.9	2.0(1.8)		1.5
Behavior problems^e	0.47	0.59	−0.12 (0.09)		0.44	0.67	−0.23 (0.10)	^**	−0.11

Self-sufficiency

Work for pay in week before survey (%)	24.0	29.6	−5.6 (2.9)	^*	35.7	36.6	−0.9 (3.2)		4.7
Total family income ($)	8,532	8,967	−436 (488)		10,933	11,816	−883 (689)		−447
Household is food secure (%)	63.3	53.1	10.2 (3.3)	^***	61.1	51.5	9.6 (3.5)	^***	−0.6
Number of families	530	415			501	395

Sources: Family Options Study 20-month and 37-month follow-up surveys and program use data.

Notes: RA is random assignment. ITT is “Intention-to-treat.” 20-month/37-month means and impacts are based on 20-month/37-month respondent sample. Means and impact estimates are regression-adjusted for baseline characteristics and are weighted for survey nonresponse to represent full comparison sample. Standard errors in parentheses.

^*/**/***

Impact estimate is significantly different from zero at the .10/.05/.01 levels, respectively, using a two-tailed t-test.

^{†/††/†††}

20-month and 37-month impact estimates are significantly different from each other at the .10/.05/.01 levels, respectively, using a two-tailed t-test.

Psychological distress is measured with the Kessler-6 (K6) scale and ranges from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater distress.

Measures evidence of alcohol dependence or drug abuse using responses to the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS-4) and 6 items from the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10).

Number of schools is outcome is topcoded at four or more schools.

Absences outcome is defined as follows: 0 means no absences in last month; 1 means one to two absences; 2 means three to five absences; 3 means six or more absences. At 37 months, this parent-reported outcome was collected from only the first 38 percent of parents surveyed due to an error in data collection.

Behavior problems outcome is measured as the standardized Total Difficulties score from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).