Table 3.

Linear Regression Models for Depressive Symptoms by Handgrip Strength Outcome

	Rate (%)	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
		Beta coefficients ± standard errors
No Depression	3,085 (73.5)	referent
Clinical Depression	336 (4.3)	−0.26 ± 0.79	−0.48 ± 0.15	−0.58 ± 0.14	−0.58 ± 0.15	−0.19 ± 0.08
Female Sex		−28.70 ± 0.70				−28.94 ± 0.68
Age		−0.92 ± 0.04				−0.86 ± 0.04
White Race			−0.30 ± 1.24			5.79 ± 0.78
H.S. Education			2.32 ± 0.43			0.73 ± 0.23
Current Smoking			−0.55 ± 0.54			−0.19 ± 0.44
Alcohol Intake			0.006 ± 0.005			−0.002 ± −0.006
Co-Morbidities				−3.02 ± 0.85		−0.92 ± 0.74
Obesity				3.19 ± 1.06		2.02 ± 0.49
Arthritis					−7.09 ± 1.09	−2.01 ± 0.60
Sedentary Behavior					−0.001 ± 0.002	−0.005 ± 0.001

Note. All values represented are from multivariable linear regression models (beta coefficients ± standard errors). No depression=0–9 and clinically relevant symptoms of depression were scored ≥10 on the PHQ-9. H.S. Education is at least high school education attainment. Current smoking is smoking “some days” or “every day”. Alcohol intake is measured by at least one binge drinking episode in the last year. Co-morbidities is measured by number of diagnoses for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is defined as a BMI≥30kg/m2. Arthritis is self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis. Sedentary behavior is measured in minutes per day. Values bolded are considered statistically significant.