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The proosteogenic effects of kidney-tonifying ZGP on BMSCs are mediated through multiple signaling transduction pathways, including upregulation of MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways. ZGP can also decrease autophagy activity, promote proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis of BMSCs, strengthening the self-renewal capabilities. ↑: upregulate; ↓: downregulate.
