Table 3.
Associations between the arcuate fasciculus white matter microstructure and language.
| Language function | White matter parameter | Hemisphere | Whole group association |
p-Value | Adjusted whole group associationa |
Adjusted p-valuea | Adjusted whole group associationb |
Adjusted p-valueb | Adjusted whole group associationc |
Adjusted p-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | |||||||
| Semantics | FA | L | 144.4 (−25.9, 314.7) | 0.10 | 127.5 (−46.7, 301.7) | 0.15 | 116.9 (−57.1, 290.9) | 0.19 | 144.2 (−26.3, 314.6) | 0.10 |
| FA | R | 165.2 (26.8, 303.6) | 0.019 | 157.0 (8.1, 305.9) | 0.039 | 153.1 (3.2, 303.0) | 0.045 | 163.4 (23.8, 303.0) | 0.022 | |
| AD | L | 1.5 (−65.2, 68.1) | 0.97 | −14.71 (−89.8, 60.3) | 0.70 | −13.0 (−89.0, 63.0) | 0.74 | 1.4 (−64.7, 67.6) | 0.97 | |
| AD | R | 17.5 (−61.5, 96.5) | 0.66 | 2.9 (−80.5, 86.4) | 0.95 | −5.2 (−90.4, 79.9) | 0.90 | 16.6 (−62.6, 95.8) | 0.68 | |
| RD | L | −86.5 (−200.4, 27.5) | 0.14 | −83.2 (−204.0, 37.5) | 0.18 | −76.6 (−195.5, 42.4) | 0.21 | −86.1 (−199.8, 27.6) | 0.14 | |
| RD | R | −95.6 (−212.1, 21.0) | 0.11 | −98.4 (−221.7, 25.0) | 0.12 | −100.6 (−220.6, 19.4) | 0.10 | −94.5 (−210.8, 21.9) | 0.11 | |
| MD | L | −69.9 (−180.3, 40.6) | 0.22 | −73.4 (−192.7, 45.8) | 0.23 | −67.8 (−185.2, 49.6) | 0.26 | −69.4 (−179.4, 40.5) | 0.22 | |
| MD | R | −65.5 (−187.4, 56.4) | 0.29 | −72.5, (−199.7, 54.7) | 0.26 | −77.8 (−201.6, 46.0) | 0.22 | −65.0 (−186.6, 56.6) | 0.30 | |
| Axon Density | L | 84.2 (−14.4, 182.7) | 0.09 | 77.7 (−16.6, 172.1) | 0.11 | 74.9 (−19.9, 169.7) | 0.12 | 84.5 (−14.1, 183.1) | 0.09 | |
| Axon Density | R | 71.0 (−8.54, 150.5) | 0.08 | 62.1 (−15.9, 140.0) | 0.12 | 60.2 (−21.4, 141.8) | 0.15 | 70.5 (−9.1, 150.1) | 0.08 | |
| Axon Dispersion | L | −163.4 (−323.2, −3.7) | 0.045 | −121.4 (−278.8, 36.1) | 0.13 | −91.9 (−257.7, 73.9) | 0.28 | −165.2 (−326.6, −3.8) | 0.045 | |
| Axon Dispersion | R | −257.8 (−417.1, −98.5) | 0.002 | −230.8 (−395.1, −66.5) | 0.006 | −195.9 (−377.2, −14.7) | 0.034 | −258.9 (−418.4, −99.3) | 0.001 | |
| Grammar | FA | L | 196.3 (−26.4, 418.9) | 0.08 | 165.7 (−35.4, 366.9) | 0.11 | 157.8 (−47.7, 363.3) | 0.13 | 195.2 (−29.0, 419.3) | 0.09 |
| FA | R | 134.9 (−93.5, 363.4) | 0.25 | 116.4 (−96.7, 329.4) | 0.28 | 112.7 (−105.1, 330.6) | 0.31 | 138.7 (−96.3, 373.7) | 0.25 | |
| AD | L | 72.5 (−50.6, 195.6) | 0.25 | 63.5 (−37.7, 164.6) | 0.22 | 64.7 (−41.4, 170.7) | 0.23 | 75.8 (−45.0, 196.7) | 0.22 | |
| AD | R | 62.2 (−63.9, 188.3) | 0.33 | 54.3 (−48.4, 156.9) | 0.30 | 47.6 (59.8, 154.9) | 0.39 | 67.6 (−60.6, 195.8) | 0.30 | |
| RD | L | −79.9 (−255.0, 95.0) | 0.37 | −59.5 (−217.4, 98.3) | 0.46 | −55.1 (−215.6, 105.3) | 0.50 | −76.1 (−252.8, 100.5) | 0.40 | |
| RD | R | −51.2 (−242.1, 139.7) | 0.60 | −42.3 (−211.4, 126.8) | 0.62 | −43.9 (−213.7, 125.9) | 0.61 | −48.6 (−243.7, 146.4) | 0.63 | |
| MD | L | −34.6 (−227.1, 157.9) | 0.73 | −19.9 (−187.2, 147.4) | 0.82 | −16.0 (−186.5, 154.5) | 0.85 | −29.3 (−222.1, 163.6) | 0.77 | |
| MD | R | −12.3 (−217.5, 192.9) | 0.91 | −7.8 (−182.0, 166.4) | 0.93 | −11.8 (−187.5, 163.8) | 0.90 | −8.0 (−216.3, 200.2) | 0.94 | |
| Axon Density | L | 27.9 (−152.1, 207.9) | 0.76 | 14.1 (−153.7, 181.9) | 0.87 | 10.6 (−160.9, 182.1) | 0.90 | 24.8 (−156.2, 205.8) | 0.79 | |
| Axon Density | R | 28.7 (−114.8, 172.1) | 0.70 | 11.0 (−121.8, 143.9) | 0.87 | 9.4 (−128.5, 147.3) | 0.89 | 26.2 (−119.5, 171.9) | 0.73 | |
| Axon Dispersion | L | −294.5 (−529.6, −59.4) | 0.014 | −251.1 (−460.7, −41.5) | 0.019 | −230.5 (−449.3, −11.7) | 0.039 | −305.8 (−546.9, −64.8) | 0.013 | |
| Axon Dispersion | R | −329.3 (−580.3, −78.3) | 0.010 | −229.5 (−528.3, −70.6) | 0.010 | −274.5 (−513.8, −35.2) | 0.025 | −352.1 (−615.2, −89.1) | 0.009 | |
| Phonological awareness | FA | L | 28.4 (−11.3, 68.0) | 0.16 | 26.2 (−12.6, 64.9) | 0.19 | 22.1 (−17.2, 61.3) | 0.27 | 28.6 (−10.9, 68.2) | 0.15 |
| FA | R | −5.5 (−54.7, 43.7) | 0.83 | −7.1 (−55.7, 41.5) | 0.77 | −9.6 (−59.9, 40.8) | 0.71 | −3.0 (−50.5, 44.5) | 0.90 | |
| AD | L | 14.2 (−15.1, 43.5) | 0.34 | 8.1 (−20.9, 37.2) | 0.58 | 9.1 (−16.9, 35.2) | 0.49 | 13.5 (−15.7, 42.7) | 0.36 | |
| AD | R | 3.7 (−27.6, 34.9) | 0.82 | −0.2 (−30.7, 30.3) | 0.99 | −2.9 (−34.1, 28.2) | 0.85 | 4.2 (−26.8, 35.2) | 0.79 | |
| RD | L | −10.5 (−39.8, 18.8) | 0.48 | −11.7 (−41.6, 18.1) | 0.44 | −9.2 (−38.0, 19.7) | 0.53 | −10.8 (−40.0, 18.4) | 0.47 | |
| RD | R | 3.5 (−28.0, 35.0) | 0.83 | 1.39 (−29.9, 32.7) | 0.93 | 1.3 (−29.5, 32.1) | 0.93 | 2.2 (−28.5, 32.9) | 0.89 | |
| MD | L | −2.7 (−33.3, 28.0) | 0.86 | −6.2 (−37.7, 25.3) | 0.70 | −3.8 (−33.4, 25.8) | 0.80 | −3.2 (−33.6, 27.3) | 0.84 | |
| MD | R | 4.5 (−30.0, 38.9) | 0.80 | 1.2 (−32.8, 35.2) | 0.95 | 0.0 (−33.1, 33.1) | 0.99 | 3.7 (−30.1, 37.6) | 0.83 | |
| Axon Density | L | −5.9 (−39.2, 27.4) | 0.73 | −6.8 (−40.0, 26.5) | 0.69 | −7.8 (−40.2, 24.7) | 0.64 | −5.9 (−39.2, 27.3) | 0.73 | |
| Axon Density | R | −11.2 (−39.0, 16.5) | 0.43 | −13.0 (−40.5, 14.5) | 0.36 | −14.0 (−39.8, 11.8) | 0.29 | −10.4 (−38.1, 17.2) | 0.46 | |
| Axon Dispersion | L | −41.5 (−91.1, 8.2) | 0.10 | −31.7 (−79.4, 16.0) | 0.19 | −21.5 (−73.1, 30.0) | 0.41 | −41.6 (−90.4, 7.2) | 0.10 | |
| Axon Dispersion | R | −30.5 (−95.7, 34.7) | 0.36 | −23.9 (−84.8, 36.9) | 0.44 | −9.8 (−78.5, 58.9) | 0.78 | −33.0 (−96.5, 30.4) | 0.31 |
Note. Estimates of regression coefficients from separate linear regression models for each predictor-outcome combination for the left and right hemisphere. CI = confidence interval, FA = Fractional anisotropy, AD = axial diffusivity, RD = radial diffusivity, MD = mean diffusivity, L = left hemisphere, R = right hemisphere, VPT = very preterm. a Analyses adjusted for age, sex, language spoken at home, parental education. b Analyses adjusted for age, sex, language spoken at home, parental education and head motion. c Analyses excluding children with low IQ, imputed language score, and major brain injuries.