Table 3.
Associations of the Preconception Biomarker Score and Established Risk Factors With GDM
| n Cases | n Controls | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Established risk factors | |||
| Age at preconception examination ≥35 y olda | 26 | 60 | 0.38 (0.12, 1.18) |
| Race/ethnicitya | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 50 | 186 | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic black | 91 | 184 | 1.46 (0.93, 2.29) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 80 | 84 | 3.00 (1.81, 4.97) |
| Hispanic | 35 | 43 | 2.68 (1.41, 5.07) |
| Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) at preconception examinationa | 123 | 140 | 2.81 (1.90, 4.14) |
| Family history of diabetesa | 151 | 192 | 2.12 (1.51, 2.97) |
| Preconception biomarker scores | |||
| Unweighted scoreb,c (continuous) | 256 | 497 | 1.94 (1.59, 2.36) |
| Unweighted scoreb,c (categorical) | |||
| Quartile 1 (0) | 42 | 209 | Reference |
| Quartile 2 (1) | 66 | 170 | 1.87 (1.13, 3.10) |
| Quartile 3 (2) | 77 | 78 | 5.04 (2.85, 8.90) |
| Quartile 4 (3–4) | 71 | 40 | 9.84 (4.88, 19.9) |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | ||
| Weighted scorec (continuous) | 256 | 497 | 2.70 (2.02, 3.62) |
| Weighted scorec (categorical) | |||
| Quartile 1 (0) | 55 | 209 | Reference |
| Quartile 2 (0.49–0.74) | 37 | 123 | 1.61 (0.91, 2.84) |
| Quartile 3 (0.78–1.22) | 58 | 80 | 2.93 (1.69, 5.08) |
| Quartile 4 (1.27–2.69) | 119 | 85 | 7.78 (4.30, 14.1) |
| P for trend | <0.0001 |
Model is adjusted for age at preconception examination ≥ 35 y, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander), overweight/obesity at preconception examination, family history of diabetes, alcohol use at preconception examination (yes, no, unknown), smoking at preconception examination (never, former, current, unknown), and education at preconception examination (≤12 y, 13 to <16 y, ≥16 y, unknown). Previous GDM was omitted from the model, as no controls had a history of GDM.
Score includes adiponectin, SHBG, HOMA-IR, and glucose.
Model is adjusted for BMI at preconception examination (kilograms per square meter), race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic), family history of diabetes (yes, no), alcohol use at preconception examination (yes, no, unknown), smoking at preconception examination (never, former, current, unknown), and education at preconception examination (≤12 y, 13 to <16 y, ≥16 y, unknown). A separate model was used for each biomarker score.