. 2018 Oct 1;3(5):e000866. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000866

Table 2.

Cluster risk factors and determinants of preventable non-communicable chronic diseases

Risk and protective factors	Biological risk factors/markers	Preventable chronic disease and conditions
Behavioural factors Diet. Physical activity. Smoking. Alcohol misuse. Psychosocial factors ‘sense of control’. Social support/social exclusion. Resilience and emotional well-being. Early life factors Maternal health. Low birth weight. Childhood infections. Abuse and neglect.	Obesity. Hypertension. Dyslipidaemia. Impaired glucose regulation. Proteinuria.	Ischaemic heart disease. Stroke. Type 2 diabetes. Renal disease.

Risk and protective factors

Biological risk factors/markers

Preventable chronic disease and conditions

Behavioural factors

Diet.
Physical activity.
Smoking.
Alcohol misuse.

Psychosocial factors

‘sense of control’.
Social support/social exclusion.
Resilience and emotional well-being.

Early life factors

Maternal health.
Low birth weight.
Childhood infections.
Abuse and neglect.

Obesity.
Hypertension.
Dyslipidaemia.
Impaired glucose regulation.
Proteinuria.

Ischaemic heart disease.
Stroke.
Type 2 diabetes.
Renal disease.

Non-modifiable factors: age, sex, ethnicity, genetic make-up and family history.

Socioenvironmental determinants (may or may not be modifiable): socioeconomic status, community characteristics (eg, presence/absence of social capital), work conditions, environmental health and so on.