Table 3.
Associations of high and low pesticide fruit and vegetable intake during second trimester with SGA, LGA, and preterm birth in 1666 mother-infant pairs participating in Project Viva.
| Quintiles of high pesticide FV intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P, trend1 | |
| Range of intake, serving/d | 0.1-1.2 | 1.2-1.8 | 1.9-2.5 | 2.5-3.4 | 3.4-13.5 | |
| SGA | ||||||
| Case/N | 17/331 | 21/329 | 21/338 | 13/333 | 21/335 | |
| Unadjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 1.25 (0.64, 2.45) | 1.15 (0.57, 2.32) | 0.68 (0.31, 1.51) | 1.04 (0.49, 2.20) | 0.70 |
| Adjusted OR2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.29 (0.65, 2.59) | 1.29 (0.62, 2.68) | 0.73 (0.32, 1.68) | 1.11 (0.48, 2.54) | 0.80 |
| LGA | ||||||
| Case/N | 40/331 | 44/329 | 46/338 | 51/333 | 43/335 | |
| Unadjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 1.04 (0.65, 1.66) | 0.98 (0.61, 1.58) | 1.06 (0.65, 1.71) | 0.90 (0.54, 1.50) | 0.80 |
| Adjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.57) | 0.85 (0.51, 1.42) | 0.92 (0.55, 1.54) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.39) | 0.50 |
| Preterm | ||||||
| Case/N | 25/331 | 21/329 | 19/338 | 19/333 | 19/335 | |
| Unadjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 0.89 (0.48, 1.64) | 0.79 (0.41, 1.52) | 0.75 (0.38, 1.48) | 0.65 (0.32, 1.33) | 0.17 |
| Adjusted OR2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.56) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.54) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.45) | 0.60 (0.27, 1.34) | 0.19 |
| Quintiles of low pesticide FV intake | ||||||
| Range of intake, serving/d | 0.1-1.8 | 1.8-2.5 | 2.5-3.3 | 3.3-4.4 | 4.4-13.5 | |
| SGA | ||||||
| Case/N | 19/342 | 15/323 | 16/331 | 22/336 | 21/334 | |
| Unadjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 0.85 (0.42, 1.74) | 1 (0.49, 2.04) | 1.36 (0.68, 2.72) | 1.29 (0.62, 2.70) | 0.30 |
| Adjusted OR2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.83 (0.41, 1.72) | 1.05 (0.50, 2.18) | 1.51 (0.73, 3.11) | 1.53 (0.69, 3.41) | 0.14 |
| LGA | ||||||
| Case/N | 33/342 | 39/323 | 59/331 | 49/336 | 44/334 | |
| Unadjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 1.27 (0.77, 2.11) | 2.04 (1.26, 3.29) | 1.66 (1.00, 2.75) | 1.50 (0.88, 2.56) | 0.19 |
| Adjusted OR2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.20 (0.71, 2.02) | 1.82 (1.10, 3.00) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.19) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.76) | 0.61 |
| Preterm | ||||||
| Case/N | 28/342 | 16/323 | 14/331 | 18/336 | 27/334 | |
| Unadjusted OR | 1.00 (reference) | 0.62 (0.33, 1.19) | 0.55 (0.28, 1.10) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.44) | 1.22 (0.64, 2.33) | 0.28 |
| Adjusted OR2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.59 (0.30, 1.13) | 0.53 (0.26, 1.06) | 0.68 (0.34, 1.37) | 1.13 (0.55, 2.32) | 0.44 |
Abbreviations: FV, fruit and vegetable; LGA, large-for-gestational-age; N, number of participants; SGA, small-for-gestational-age; OR, odd ratios.
1
P, trend was calculated using a trend test with median intake in each quintile as a continuous variable in the model.
2
The models were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoked during pregnancy, marital/ cohabitating status, parity, household income, education, dietary patterns, total energy intake, height and paternal height, season of diet assessment, and low pesticide fruit and vegetable intake.