Table 1. Characteristics of I-KIDS mothers who provided six pregnancy urine samples (n=19) compared to the full cohort participating in the I-KIDS formative study (n=149).
| Maternal Characteristics | Full Cohort (n=149) | Subgroup Analysis (n=19) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs); mean ± SD and n(%) | 29.5 ± 4.1 | 29.5 ± 3.5 | 0.99 |
| <20 | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 20-24 | 15 (10.1) | 1 (5.3) | |
| 25-29 | 59 (39.6) | 7 (36.8) | |
| 30-34 | 55 (36.9) | 11 (57.9) | |
| ≥35 | 17 (11.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Race/ethnicity; n(%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 125 (83.9) | 17 (89.5) | 0.53 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 8 (5.4) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Hispanic | 3 (2.0) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Asian | 7 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Multiracial or other race/ethnicity | 6 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education; n(%) | |||
| ≤ 12 years | 6 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.82 |
| Some college | 35 (23.5) | 5 (26.3) | |
| College graduate | 108 (72.5) | 14 (73.7) | |
| Income; n(%) | |||
| < $30,000 | 24 (16.1) | 4 (21.1) | 0.72 |
| $30,000-$59,999 | 33 (22.2) | 4 (21.1) | |
| $60,000-$89,999 | 57 (38.3) | 7 (36.8) | |
| ≥ $90,000 | 32 (21.5) | 4 (21.1) | |
| Missing | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Marital status; n(%) | |||
| Married | 127 (85.2) | 18 (94.7) | 0.41 |
| Co-habitating as married | 14 (9.4) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Single | 8 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Number of previous live born children; n(%) | |||
| 0 | 54 (36.2) | 6 (31.6) | 0.50 |
| 1 | 58 (38.9) | 7 (36.8) | |
| ≥ 2 | 37 (24.8) | 6 (31.6) | |
| Smoking during pregnancy; n(%) | |||
| Yes | 5 (3.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0.62 |
| No | 144 (96.6) | 18 (94.7) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2); n(%) | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.10 |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 93 (62.4) | 15 (79.0) | |
| Overweight (25-29.9) | 30 (20.1) | 4 (21.1) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 23 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Missing | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Gestational age at birth (wks); mean ± SD | 39.3 ± 1.0 | 39.5 ± 1.3 | 0.58 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviations
*
p-value comparing n=19 in this analysis to the n=130 excluded from this analysis. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used for ordinal variables and chi-square test for the other categorical variables.