Table 2. Median (range) of pregnancy urinary concentrations of phenols and phthalate metabolites among I-KIDS participants providing 6 pregnancy urines (n=19 women)1.
| Biomarker [LOD] | Pregnancy urine collection time in I-KIDS | Previous literature in pregnant women (range of median values, unadjusted for urine dilution) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16-18 wks | 20-22 wks | 23-26 wks | 27-30 wks | 32-33 wks | 35-36 wks | Total 3 Median (range) | ||||||||
| N <LOD2/NR | Median (range) | N <LOD2/NR | Median (range) | N <LOD2/NR | Median (range) | N <LOD2/NR | Median (range) | N <LOD2/NR | Median (range) | N <LOD2/NR | Median (range) | |||
| Bisphenol A (μg/L) [0.4] | 1 / 0 | 1.3 (0.2-6.4) | 1 / 0 | 1.2 (0.3-7.0) | 1 / 0 | 1.3 (0.4-4.4) | 0 / 0 | 1.6 (0.6-8.4) | 0 / 0 | 1.2 (0.4-8.6) | 1 / 0 | 1.4 (0.2-6.8) | 1.5 (0.7-4.8) | 0.6 - 2.710, 11, 29, 31-33, 35, 36, 44 |
| 2,4-Dichlorophenol (μg/L) [0.2] | 0 / 0 | 0.9 (0.5-6.0) | 0 / 0 | 0.8 (0.4-2.9) | 0 / 0 | 0.9 (0.4-3.1) | 0 / 0 | 0.7 (0.4-2.4) | 0 / 0 | 0.7 (0.2-2.5) | 1 / 0 | 0.8 (0.2-2.8) | 0.9 (0.6-3.1) | 0.5 - 2.110, 11, 29-33 |
| 2,5-Dichlorophenol (μg/L) [0.2] | 0 / 0 | 0.7 (0.3-5.6) | 0 / 0 | 1.1 (0.3-3.1) | 0 / 0 | 1.6 (0.2-6.6) | 0 / 0 | 1.3 (0.4-10.8) | 0 / 0 | 1.4 (0.5-10.7) | 1 / 0 | 1.4 (0.2-6.9) | 1.5 (0.6-4.0) | 2.7 – 5310,11, 29-33 |
| Benzophenone-3 (μg/L) [0.4] | 0 / 1 | 80.1 (3.0-809) | 0 / 1 | 49.0 (4.0-849) | 0 / 3 | 46.3 (1.6-861) | 0 / 3 | 30.8 (7.3-995) | 0 / 5 | 72.9 (4.1-883) | 0 / 3 | 102.0 (4.9-904) | 91.5 (19.1-761.5) | 1.7 - 7710, 11, 29, 31-33, 36 |
| Butyl Paraben (μg/L) [0.2] | 10 / 0 | 0.2 (0-22.6) | 8 / 0 | 0.3 (0 -3.1) | 9 / 0 | 0.2 (0 -24.4) | 10 / 0 | 0.1 (0-15.6) | 12 / 0 | 0.1 (0-170) | 12 / 0 | 0.1 (0.001-5.8) | 0.4 (0-39.4) | 0.4 -2.410, 11, 29, 32 |
| Methyl Paraben (μg/L) [1.0] | 0 / 1 | 108.5 (7.4-566) | 0 / 0 | 65.1 (7.5-233) | 0 / 0 | 85.0 (3.5-355) | 0 / 0 | 83.2 (8.7-880) | 0 / 1 | 129.5 (10.4-833) | 0 / 0 | 76.6 (2.2-445) | 111.1 (14.8-317.9) | 84.7 - 27210, 11, 29, 31, 32 |
| Propyl Paraben (μg/L) [0.2] | 0 / 0 | 16.6 (0.3-279) | 0 / 0 | 16.3 (0.8-115) | 0 / 0 | 21.8 (0.3-84.3) | 1 / 0 | 12.0 (0.1-97.1) | 0 / 0 | 24.3 (0.5-849) | 0 / 0 | 6.2 (0.4-124) | 31.0 (0.4-212.4) | 12.5 - 45.610, 11, 29, 31, 32 |
| Triclosan (μg/L) [2.3] | 7 / 0 | 5.3 (0-309) | 10 / 0 | 0.9 (0 -178) | 4 / 0 | 6.1 (0-161) | 3 / 0 | 4.6 (1.1-286) | 3 / 11 | 19.5 (0.1-124) | 3 / 0 | 9.4 (1.2-187) | 14.8 (1.1-202.7) | <LOD - 26.210, 11, 29, 31-34, 36, 44 |
| Monoethyl phthalate (μg/L) [0.6] | 0 / 0 | 31.5 (5.7-709) | 0 / 0 | 26.6 (2.7-870) | 0 / 0 | 21.2 (4.9-349) | 0 / 0 | 32.3 (8.4-258) | 0 / 0 | 23.8 (3.1-202) | 0 / 0 | 30.8 (5.2-103) | 33.2 (5.8-356.3) | 21.5 - 38024, 29, 32, 33, 35-42 |
| ΣDEHP metabolites (μmol/L)4 | 3* / 0 | 0.1 (0.02-4.2) | 4* / 0 | 0.1 (0.02-1.3) | 4* / 0 | 0.1 (0.01-6.3) | 2* / 0 | 0.1 (0.03-0.3) | 0 / 0 | 0.1 (0.03-0.9) | 7* / 0 | 0.1 (0.02-1.1) | 0.1 (0.03-1.8) | 0.072 - 0.31**33, 38, 40, 43 |
Abbreviations: LOD, limit of detection; NR, no result; ΣDEHP metabolites, sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Values are not adjusted for urinary dilution (e.g., they are not adjusted for specific gravity).
Measured concentrations <LOD for which a signal was detected, as well as those for which no signal was detected (i.e., concentration = 0), are reported in summary statistics
Total = the mean biomarker concentration for each woman's 6 urine samples
LODs (in μg/L) for the 4 DEHP metabolites were 0.5 for mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), and 0.2 for mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhe phthalate, and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate.
For ΣDEHP, the detection frequency of all metabolites, except MEHP, was 100%. Where MEHP was <LOD, ΣDEHP was assigned as <LOD.
Includes mean in addition to median values