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. 2018 Oct 3;8:14723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33082-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed mechanisms of foot process width (FPW) improvement according to the treatment after PAN injection. Kidney-derived c-kit⁺ progenitor/stem cells and BM-MSC contributed equally to accelerate podocyte recovery in a time-dependent manner, although c-kit⁺ progenitor/stem cells exhibited multi-compartment engraftment and differentiated into podocyte-like cells. These cells activated autophagy and targeted podocyte cytoskeleton by modulating α-Actinin-4 rearrangement and mTORC2 pathway as well.