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. 2018 Oct 3;8:14776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33017-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NSCs modulate microglial function in vitro: a possible therapeutic mechanism. Representative immunocytochemistry images and quantification of in vitro microglial proliferation (a,b) and phagocytosis of Aβ (c,d) with and without co-cultured NSCs. Proliferating EdU+ microglia (green) were increased by addition of LPS and co-culture with undifferentiated and differentiated NSCs vs. unstimulated and 50B11 controls (a). Quantified percentage proliferation was significantly increased in NSC co-cultures vs. the control groups (b; p < 0.05; ANOVA). NSCs also enhanced phagocytic activity of microglia (c), evidenced by increased accumulation of fluorescently-labeled Aβ vs. unstimulated and 50B11 controls. Quantified phagocytosed fluorescence was significantly increased by addition of LPS and NSC co-cultures vs. unstimulated and 50B11 controls (d; p < 0.0001; ANOVA). Data are representative images or mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.0001) of 3–5 independent experiments (n = 3–6 per condition). Scale bar 50 µm. Abbreviations: unstim, unstimulated; D0, day 0 undifferentiated NSCs; D7, day 7 differentiated NSCs; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine.