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. 2018 Oct 3;8:14780. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33126-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Double immunostaining of human testis sections. (A,B) Representative photomicrographs of immunofluorescence labeling for CD34 (green) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; red). Nuclei are counterstained in blue with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). CD34-negative/α-SMA-positive myoid cells/myofibroblasts are located in the inner layer of the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules (ST). Instead, CD34-positive/α-SMA-negative interstitial cells are located in the outer layer of the peritubular tissue. These two cell types form distinct but closely adjacent networks in the peritubular connective tissue; sporadic yellow staining is visible due to apposition of their cellular prolongations. The CD34-positive/α-SMA-negative interstitial cells form a continuous network extending from the outer peritubular tissue to the intertubular stroma. CD34-negative/α-SMA-positive myoid cells/myofibroblasts are absent from the intertubular stroma. α-SMA immunoreactivity is also detected in mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells) of blood vessels (arrows). Scale bar: 50 µm (A,B).