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. 2018 Oct 3;8:14758. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32974-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expectation and pain scores in the acquisition phase. During the acquisition phase, expectations scores reflected the anticipation of three distinct expected levels of pain in accordance with the color cue (the colors of the bars represent the colors of the cues) and the verbal instructions. (A) Pain ratings given at rest (Pain-Rest condition, striped-color bars) and during the extension-flexion motor task (Pain-Exercise condition, full-color bars) confirmed that participants had learned to distinguish the three intensities of pain (i.e., high after the red cue, medium after the yellow cue and low after the green cue). (B) The thermal stimulations received in the Pain-Exercise condition were perceived as less painful than the stimulations received in the Pain-Rest condition further confirming the exercise-induced hypoalgesic effect.