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. 2018 Oct 3;8:14758. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32974-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expectation and pain scores in the test phase. During the test phase (when all painful stimulations were set at the medium level of intensity), participants reported three different levels of expected pain (A) and three levels of perceived pain (Pain-Rest condition, striped-color bars) at rest and during the extension-flexion exercises (Pain-Exercise condition, full-color bars). (B) The time-courses of expectations (C) and pain reports (D) indicated relatively stable trends over the test sessions. Although, participants perceived as less painful the stimulations given in conjunction with the motor task, the delta (Green-Yellow at Rest vs Green-Yellow during the exercise and Red-Yellow at Rest vs Red-Yellow during the exercise, respectively) were not affected indicating no additive effects of the isotonic movement on placebo and nocebo effects. All data are expressed as mean ± sem. **p < 0.001; *p < 0.05; ns = not significant. Abbreviation: Exerc = Exercise.