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. 2018 Sep 12;5(9):180693. doi: 10.1098/rsos.180693

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© 2018 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 2. — Different qualitative behaviours of host–parasite interaction with the additional effect of antibiotics to the parasite. (a) Oscillating population abundance of hosts and parasites as they interact with each other. The effect of insufficient levels of antibiotic to eradicate parasitism can also result in Red Queen dynamics. (b) Irregular oscillating population abundance of hosts and parasites due to the insufficient effect of antibiotic. (c) The population abundances of hosts and parasites converge to an equilibrium because the levels of the antibiotic are sufficient to suppress parasitism.