Figure 2.

Exposure to LPS leads to early oxidative stress but no increase in mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and oxidative stress were assessed following incubation of THP-1 cells with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 0–72 h. (A) The proportion of THP-1 cells with Δψm was determined by measuring the JC1 fluorescence by flow cytometry (positive control−100 nM valinomycin) (n = 3). (B) Reactive oxygen species production was measured by oxidation of DCF-DA using flow cytometry (positive control−100 μM hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂) (n = 3). (C) The mRNA transcription of HMOX1 relative to ACTB and GADPH was determined by RTqPCR (n = 3). (D) The mRNA transcription (relative to ACTB and GADPH) and protein expression (relative to β-actin) of SOD2 was measured using RTqPCR and Western blot (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (mRNA and protein data are relative to the mean of the medium control); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.