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Non-convective versus convective vascular patterns. Vascular patterns without VEGF convection (a–d) and with VEGF convection (e–p) create different vascular networks (q). The numerical method captures the fluid velocity and the phase-field, as shown by the velocity magnitude, u, and the phase-field profile, c, along a cut-line (r) and streamlines (s). We used a mesh composed of 512 × 512 elements in these simulations.
