Table 1.
The means (and standard deviations) of the psychological and physiological measurements in Experiment 1 for the singing group (SIG) and non-singing group (NSG) at baseline (T1) and after 30 min (T2).
| T1 | T2 | |
|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| PA | ||
| SIG | 1.91 (0.75) | 2.26 (0.74) |
| NSG | 1.97 (0.63) | 2.03 (0.61) |
| Total | 1.94 (0.70) | 2.16 (0.70) |
| NA | ||
| SIG | 0.95 (0.63) | 0.54 (0.56) |
| NSG | 1.02 (0.50) | 1.00 (0.53) |
| Total | 0.97 (0.57) | 0.73 (0.59) |
| SOC | ||
| SIG | 3.61 (1.42) | 4.93 (1.31) |
| NSG | 3.78 (1.13) | 4.04 (1.15) |
| Total | 3.69 (1.29) | 4.24 (1.24) |
| CORT | ||
| SIG | 11.67 (0.63) | 11.56 (0.67) |
| NSG | 11.48 (0.56) | 11.52 (0.43) |
| Total | 11.59 (0.60) | 11.55 (0.57) |
| sAA | ||
| SIG | 13.46 (0.87) | 13.23 (1.21) |
| NSG | 12.95 (0.97) | 12.67 (0.91) |
| Total | 13.26 (0.93) | 13.01 (1.13) |
SIG, singing group; NSG, non-singing group; PA, positive affect; NA, negative affect; SOC, social connectedness; CORT, salivary cortisol; sAA, salivary alpha-amylase.