Table 2.
The means (and standard deviations) of the psychological and physiological measurements in Experiment 2 for the singing group (SIG) and non-singing group (NSG) at baseline (T1), after 30 min (T2), and after 60 min (T3).
| T1 | T2 | T3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| PA | |||
| SIG | 1.95 (0.64) | 2.14 (0.61) | 2.22 (0.59) |
| NSG | 2.24 (0.51) | 1.84 (0.69) | 1.76 (0.63) |
| Total | 2.05 (0.61) | 2.03 (0.69) | 2.06 (0.64) |
| NA | |||
| SIG | 0.78 (0.72) | 0.49 (0.51) | 0.67 (0.58) |
| NSG | 0.86 (0.47) | 1.22 (0.64) | 1.63 (0.80) |
| Total | 0.81 (0.64) | 0.75 (0.65) | 1.01 (0.80) |
| SOC | |||
| SIG | 3.24 (1.30) | 4.00 (0.93) | 4.41 (0.98) |
| NSG | 3.81 (1.33) | 3.50 (1.46) | 3.50 (1.37) |
| Total | 3.44 (1.329 | 3.82 (1.15) | 4.09 (1.20) |
| CORT | |||
| SIG | 11.51 (0.55) | 11.33 (0.65) | 11.40 (0.62) |
| NSG | 11.58 (0.39) | 11.47 (0.55) | 11.57 (0.55) |
| Total | 11.54 (0.50) | 11.38 (0.62) | 11.46 (0.59) |
| sAA | |||
| SIG | 13.52 (0.83) | 13.24 (0.96) | 13.22 (0.94) |
| NSG | 13.24 (1.32) | 13.13 (1.40) | 12.93 (1.08) |
| Total | 13.42 (1.02) | 13.20 (1.11) | 13.12 (1.00) |
SIG, singing group; NSG, non-singing group; PA, positive affect; NA, negative affect; SOC, social connectedness; CORT, salivary cortisol; sAA, salivary alpha-amylase.