Table 1.
An overview of studies that have performed a factor analyses on Herth Hope Index
| Authors & Year | Sample (Country) | HHI Mean (SD) | Cronbach’s alpha | Test-retest reliability | Factor analysis | Criterion/convergent validity | Discriminant validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herth 1992 | 172 adults acute, chronic and terminally ill (US) | – | 0.97 | 0.91 | 3 factors (MLFA) (61% variance) Factor 1: 1,2,6,11 Factor 2: 4,7,10,12 Factor 3: 3,5,8,9 |
Herth Hope Scale r = 0.92 Existential Well-being Scale r = 0.84 Nowotny Hope Scale r = 0.81 |
Hopelessness Scale r = −0.73 |
| Benzein & Berg 2003 | 85 adults, 40 patients in palliative care & 45 family caregivers (Sweden) | – | 0.88 | – | 2 factors (PCA) (56% variance) Factor 1: 1–3,6–12 Factor 2: 4,5 |
Miller Hope Scale r = 0.82 | Hopelessness r = −0.69 |
| Wahl et al. 2004 | 1893 - general population (Norway) | 36.7 (4.2) | 0.81 | – | 2 factors (MLFA) (38% variance) Factor 1: 1,2,4,5,7–12 Factor 2: 3,6 |
Quality of Life r = 0.48 | Fatigue severity r = −0.30 |
| Phillips –Salimi et al. 2007 | Adolescents/children with cancer, 127 in treatment, 74 newly diagnosed (US) | – | 0.84 in treatment, 0.78 newly diagnosed | – | 1 factor (CFA) | Self-esteem r = 0.62 Self-confidence r = 0.57 Self-transcendence r = 0.58 Quality of life r = 0.33 |
Uncertainty in illness r = −0.36 Symptom dis-tress r = − 0.22 |
| Van Gestel-Timmermans et al. 2010 | 341 severe mental illness (Netherlands) | – | 0.84 | 0.79 | 2 factors (PCA) (47% variance) Factor 1: 1–3,6,10,12 Factor 2: 4,5,7-9,11 |
Self-efficacy r = 0.72 Quality of Life r = 0.56 Mental health r = 0.59 |
Loneliness r = −0.47 |
| Chan et al. 2011 | 120 patients with heart failure (China) | – | 0.89 | 0.86 | 3 factors (CFA) Factor 1:1,2,6,11 Factor 2: 4,7,10,12 Factor 3: 3,5,8,9 |
Self-esteem r = 0.40 | Depression r = −0.40 |
| Ripamonti et al. 2012 | 266 patients with non-advanced cancer (Italy) | – | 0.84 | 0.64 | 1 factor (CFA) | Spiritual Well-being r = 0.69, | Anxiety-Depression r = −0.51, Fatigue r = − 0.30 |
| Haugan et al. 2013 | 202 cognitively intact nursing home patients (Norway) | 35.1 (4.2) | 0.76 | – | 2 factors (CFA) 11 items (exclude #6) (42% variance) Factor 1: 1–5,10–12 Factor 2: 7–9 |
Self-transcendence r = 0.59 Purpose in life r = 0.65 Spiritual well-being r = 0.72 |
Depression r = −0.22 |
| Hunsaker et al. 2016 | 51 family members and 45 cognitive impaired patients (US) | 38.8 (5.2) for family, 39.7 (5.2) for patients | 0.85 | – | 2 factors (EFA) (51% variance) Factor 1: 2,3,7,9,10,12 Factor 2: 1,4-6,8,11 |
Satisfaction with social support r = 0.37 | Depression r = −.21 |
Abbreviations: CFA confirmatory factor analysis, EFA exploratory factor analysis, HHI Herth Hope Index, MLFA multilevel factor analysis, PCA principal components analysis