Table 2.
Association of Various Risk Factors with Oral Pre-malignant Lesion (n=2033)
| Characteristic | OPML | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present no. (n=76) (%) | Absent no. (n=1957) (%) | ||||
| *Ever user of tobacco | Yes | 76 (100) | 573 (29.3) | --- | <0.001 |
| No | 0 | 1384 (70.7) | 1 | ||
| *Ever user of alcohol | Yes | 54 (71.1) | 463 (23.7) | 7.92 (4.77-13.14) | <0.001 |
| No | 22 (28.9) | 1494 (76.3) | 1 | ||
| **Repeated oral trauma | Yes | 17 (22.4) | 355 (18.1) | 1.30 (0.75-2.26) | 0.350 |
| No | 59 (77.6) | 1602 (81.9) | 1 | ||
| Frequent consumption of hot and spicy food | Yes | 34 (44.7) | 678 (34.6) | 1.53 (0.96-2.24) | 0.071 |
| No | 42 (55.3) | 1279 (65.4) | 1 | ||
| History of frequent oral ulcers | Yes | 02 (2.6) | 77 (3.9) | 0.66 (0.16-2.73) | 0.564 |
| No | 74 (97.4) | 1880 (96.1) | 1 | ||
| Areca nut consumption | Yes | 34 (44.7) | 252 (12.9) | 5.48 (3.42-8.77) | <0.001 |
| No | 42 (55.3) | 1705 (87.1) | 1 | ||
| ***Irregular consumption of fruits | Yes | 57 (75) | 1296 (66.2) | 1.53 (0.90-2.59) | |
| No | 19 (25) | 661 (33.8) | 1 | 0.112 | |
| ***Irregular consumption of vegetables | Yes | 46 (60.5) | 1200 (61.3) | 0.96 (0.61- 1.54) | |
| No | 30 (39.5) | 757 (38.7) | 1 | 0.889 | |
| Family history of oral cancer | Yes | 01 (1.3) | 35 (1.8) | 0.73 (0.09-5.42) | 0.759 |
| No | 75 (98.7) | 1992 (98.2) | 1 | ||
| Family history of any cancer | Yes | 07 (9.2) | 142 (7.3) | 1.29 (0.58-2.87) | 0.51 |
| No | 69 (90.8) | 1815 (92.7) | 1 | ||
| Good oral hygiene | No | 76 (100) | 1603 (81.9) | --- | <0.001 |
| Yes | 0 | 354 (18.1) | 1 | ||
*
, Ever user of tobacco/alcohol is a participant who is a current or ex user of tobacco/ alcohol;
**
, History of repeated oral trauma included trauma while cleaning the tongue forcefully or history of tongue bite/cheek bite/ lip bite or wearing poorly fitting dentures;
***
, Irregular consumption is defined as having consumed fruits and vegetables less than daily in the past seven days.