FIGURE 1.

The latent growth curve model/s used in the present study. Book reading, magazine reading, age, sex, and years of formal education were used as covariates of intercept and slope. Manifest variables of cognitive performance were used at each test wave. Predictors were correlated by double headed arrows in the model. Standardized regression weights between each predictor variable and intercept and slope are highlighted in gray. ICEPT, intercept; VFL, verbal fluency; EPRC, episodic recall. ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.