Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants
| Variable | Negative Copay n = 164 |
Control n = 173 |
p – value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Average age (years) (std dev) |
62.2 (11.5) |
59.8 (11.4) |
0.05 |
| Male (%) | 78.7 | 82.7 | 0.35 |
| White (%) | 37.4 | 30.6 | 0.01 |
| Black (%) | 54.6 | 67.1 | |
| Other race (%) | 8.0 | 2.3 | |
| Hispanic Ethnicity (%) | 6.8 | 3.5 | 0.22 |
| Site | |||
| Philadelphia VA (%) | 46.3 | 49.1 | 0.79 |
| Pinnacle (%) | 21.3 | 22.0 | |
| Pittsburgh VA (%) | 32.3 | 28.9 | |
| Education | |||
| High School or lower (%) | 56.3 | 54.1 | 0.92 |
| Some College or College (%) | 36.9 | 39.0 | |
| Beyond college (%) | 6.9 | 7.0 | |
| Poverty | |||
| <100% Poverty line (%) | 43.9 | 45.7 | 0.88 |
| 100-200% Poverty line (%) | 25.0 | 27.2 | |
| 200-300% Poverty line (%) | 13.4 | 11.6 | |
| >300% Poverty line (%) | 17.7 | 15.6 | |
| Baseline Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (std dev) |
155.3 (14.5) |
153.3 (15.5) |
0.22 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (std dev) |
83.8 (13.5) |
83.9 (13.9) |
0.93 |
| Medication taking | |||
| # hypertensive medications (std dev) |
2.6 (1.3) |
2.5 (1.4) |
0.62 |
| # medications overall (std dev) |
6.2 (2.9) |
5.8 (3.0) |
0.26 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 56.7 | 51.5 | 0.33 |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 14.1 | 13.9 | 0.95 |
| Heart Attack or AMI | 15.2 | 13.3 | 0.61 |
| Kidney Failure | 6.1 | 3.5 | 0.31 |
| Stroke | 9.2 | 9.3 | 0.99 |
| TIA or Mini Stroke | 11.7 | 15.6 | 0.29 |
| High Cholesterol | 67.1 | 57.8 | 0.08 |