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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 4.
Published in final edited form as: Econ J (London). 2016 Oct 22;128(610):1207–1234. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12433

Table 6.

Further Robustness Checks (IV Estimates)

Dependent variable (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Log of Population Density −0.083 (0.362) [18.9] −0.067 (0.479) [11.04] −0.006 (0.369) [20.23] 0.001 (0.515) [9.1] −0.361 (0.472) [13.72]
> 20k City in 1850 −0.519 (0.399) [23] −0.960 (0.595) [14.9] −0.558 (0.394) [25.5] −0.756 (0.608) [12.83] −0.859* (0.468) [17.83]
Settlement Complexity 0.134 (0.282) [20.5] 0.289 (0.375) [15.6] 0.193 (0.269) [22.64] 0.157 (0.403) [13.46] 0.263 (0.298) [17.13]
Centralization of Power −0.130 (0.307) [23.04] −0.155 (0.433) [14.9] −0.144 (0.289) [25.5] −0.029 (0.464) [12.83] −0.169 (0.325) [17.83]
Intensive Agriculture −0.439 (0.302) [23.04] −0.508 (5.038) [14.9] −0.359 (0.287) [25.5] −0.584 (0.471) [12.83] −0.307 (0.319) [17.83]

Robustness External Influence Controls Shortest Distance to Origin of Mutation HbC Mutation All Previous Controls Only Tropical Sample

Standardised beta coefficients. Robust standard errors in parentheses

***

p<0.01,

**

p<0.05,

*

p<0.1.

First Stage F-Statistics in Brackets. External influence controls are the log of (1+ total slaves exports normalised by area of homeland) from Nunn and Wantchekon (2011), and two dummy variables indicating if European explorers traveled (between 1768 and 1894), or a historical trade route passed through, the homeland of the ethnic group. Shortest distance to origin of mutation captures the shortest distance from each ethnic homeland to the closest hypothetised origin of the mutation. HbC Mutation is the average prevalence of the Hemoglobin C mutation (from MalariaAtlas Project). Tropical sample includes only ethnic group with homelands within the tropics (N = 483).