Table 2.
MSCs as Treatment of Podocyte Injury in DN
| Source | Experimental model | Route of injection | In vivo localization of MSCs | Mechanism of action | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD-MSCs | Mouse podocyte clone 5 cells (MPC5) | _ | _ | Secretion of soluble epithelial growth factor | AD-MSCs reduced podocytic apoptosis reduced the expression of podocytic cleaved caspase-3, maintained integrity of glomerular filtration barriers by increasing podocytic synaptopodin and nephrin expression [83] |
| SD rats + STZ and MPC5, n = 11 | Intravenous | Lung, spleen and a small number in kidney and pancreas | Secretion of GDNF | AD-MSCs attenuated proteinuria, prevented high glucose-induced podocyte injury and maintained the integrity of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton by increasing the expression of WT1 and synaptopodin proteins [92] | |
| BM-MSCs | SD rats + STZ, n = 14 |
Intra-arterial | Kidney | Increased BMP-7, nephrin and podocin secretion | BM-MSCs ameliorated loss of podocytes, GBM thickening and podocyte foot process effacement. By restoration of expression of nephrin and podocin [94] |
| UC-MSCs | Mouse podocyte clone 5 cell (MPC5) | _ | _ | Secretion of soluble epithelial growth factor | UC-MSCs decreased the podocytic apoptosis rate and the expression of PARP, increased the expression of Bcl-2, normalized the expression and arrangement of podocytic podoplanin [91] |
MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells; AD-MSCs Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSCs Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; AD-MSCs Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSCs Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats; STZ Streptozotocin; GBM Glomerular basement membrane; GDNF Glial derived neurotrophic factor; WT1 Wilms tumor protein 1; Bcl-2 B cell lymphoma-2; PARP Poly ADP ribose polymerase