Table 3. Incidence and hazard ratios of all-cause mortality of the stable and exacerbated COPD cohorts.

	Metformin non-users			Metformin users			Crude		adjusted
	Events	Person-	Incidence	Events	Person-	Incidence	Hazard ratio	p value	Hazard ratio	p value
		year	rate		year	rate	(95% CI)		(95% CI)
Stable COPD	1609	76402	211	1326	76319	174	0.83(0.77,0.89)	<0.0001	0.84(0.78,0.91)	<0.0001
Exacerbated COPD	1865	24477	762	1567	24661	635	0.83(0.78,0.89)	<0.0001	0.89(0.83,0.96)	0.002

Incidence rate shown per 10,000 person–years. Models adjusted by gender, age, CCI, DCSI, and medications.