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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 4.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2017 Feb 21;46(2):165–167. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.003

Figure.1. GM-CSF drives the expansion of CNS-invading phagocytes.

Figure.1

Dysregulated production of GM-CSF by T helper cells induces the expansion of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MdCs) in the periphery. The GM-CSF-expanded inflammatory MdCs are capable of producing IL-1β and ROS, which breaches the blood-brain barrier and activate the microglia. Activated microglia secret CCL2 and further recruit the CCR2 expressing inflammatory MCs into the CNS. The infiltrating inflammatory MCs then differentiate into ROS-producing phagocytes, resulting in demyelination and loss of nerve fiber.