Table 1.
Summary of Effect Sizes for Racial/ethnic Discrimination and Adolescent Well-being
| k | N | Mean ES | 95% CI | Z | Mean Correlation | Homogeneity (Q) | I2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioemotional | 144 | 69,966 | .24 | *** | [.22, .26] | 23.05 | .24 | 828.87 | *** | 83% |
| Depression | 87 | 46,143 | .27 | *** | [.24, .29] | 18.43 | .26 | 659.47 | *** | 87% |
| Internalizing symptoms | 64 | 22,098 | .27 | *** | [.24, .30] | 16.99 | .26 | 297.76 | *** | 79% |
| Positive well-being | 33 | 19,795 | −.14 | *** | [−.18, −.09] | −6.13 | −.14 | 213.11 | *** | 85% |
| Self-esteem | 55 | 22,665 | −.17 | *** | [−.19, −.14] | −13.16 | −.17 | 136.33 | ** | 60% |
| Academic | 89 | 35,873 | −.10 | *** | [−.12, −.07] | −7.66 | −.10 | 379.38 | *** | 77% |
| Achievement | 56 | 26,566 | −.09 | *** | [−.13, −.05] | −4.37 | −.09 | 458.77 | *** | 88% |
| School engagement | 25 | 19,243 | −.14 | *** | [−.19, −.09] | −5.66 | −.14 | 205.44 | *** | 88% |
| Motivation | 51 | 26,566 | −.11 | *** | [−.14, −.08] | −6.89 | −.11 | 149.99 | *** | 67% |
| Behavioral | 81 | 52,502 | .20 | *** | [.17, .22] | 15.62 | .20 | 510.82 | *** | 84% |
| Externalizing behaviors | 63 | 37,495 | .24 | *** | [.21, .27] | 16.28 | .24 | 369.99 | *** | 83% |
| Risky sex behaviors | 8 | 6,511 | .16 | * | [.04, .29] | 2.55 | .16 | 96.96 | *** | 93% |
| Substance use | 33 | 33,470 | .13 | *** | [.10, .16] | 9.49 | .13 | 139.19 | *** | 77% |
| Deviant peer affiliations | 14 | 6,514 | .15 | *** | [.08, .22] | 3.98 | .15 | 97.34 | *** | 87% |
Note. ES = effect size. CI = confidence interval. k = number of studies. N = number of participants in all studies. While effect sizes were used in the actual met-analysis, we transformed effect sizes back to correlation for interpretation.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.