Table 4. Factors associated with poor sleep quality.
| Characteristics | Categories of sleep quality | Univariate logistic regression | **Multivariate logistic regression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Poor (PSQI global >5) n (weighted %) | Good (PSQI global ≤5)n (weighted %) | Crude OR ( 95% CI) | Adjusted OR ( 95%CI) | ||
| Gender | 1,871 | |||||
| Male | 150 (60.4%) | 99 (39.6%) | 1.00 | - | ||
| Female | 984(60.5%) | 638 (39.5%) | 1.00 (0.24–4.21) | |||
| Age (yr) | 1,871 | - | ||||
| <30 | 105 (65.3%) | 61 (34.7%) | 1.00 | |||
| 30–39 | 324 (60.6%) | 203 (39.4%) | 0.82 (0.50–1.34) | |||
| 40–49 | 512 (57.7%) | 358 (42.3%) | 0.72 (0.31–1.71) | |||
| ≥50 | 193 (64.9%) | 115 (35.1%) | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | |||
| Ethnicity# | 1,871 | - | ||||
| Malay | 979 (60.1%) | 635 (39.9%) | 1.00 | |||
| Chinese | 73 (59.3%) | 53 (40.7%) | 0.97 (0.46–2.03) | |||
| Indian | 74 (69.5%) | 40 (30.5%) | 1.52 (0.52–4.39) | |||
| Others | 8 (49.0%) | 9 (51.0%) | - | |||
| Religion# | 1,871 | - | ||||
| Islam | 988 (60.1%) | 640 (39.9%) | 1.00 | |||
| Buddhism | 56 (60.5%) | 39 (39.5%) | 1.02 (0.50–2.09) | |||
| Hinduism | 64 (70.3%) | 35 (29.7%) | 1.57 (0.27–9.15) | |||
| Kristianity | 21 (53.1%) | 20 (46.9%) | 0.75 (0.65–1.87) | |||
| Others | 5 (53.1%) | 3 (46.9%) | - | |||
| Marital status | 1,867 | |||||
| Single | 84 (60.3%) | 57 (39.7%) | 1.00 | - | ||
| Married | 1,012 (60.4%) | 656 (39.6%) | 1.01 (0.63–1.60) | |||
| Divorce and widow | 38 (69.0%) | 20 (31.0%) | 1.47 (0.12–17.87) | |||
| Education level | 1,856 | |||||
| Diploma | 37 (58.0%) | 27 (42.0%) | 1.00 | |||
| Degree | 964 (61.2%) | 605 (38.8%) | 1.14 (0.90–1.50) | - | ||
| Masters / PhD | 129 (59.3%) | 94 (40.7%) | 1.06 (0.22–5.19) | |||
| Comorbidities Diabetes mellitus | 1,871 | |||||
| No | 984 (59.5%) | 662 (40.5%) | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 150 (67.8%) | 75 (32.2%) | 1.43 (0.86–2.40) | |||
| Hypertension | 1,871 | |||||
| No | 882 (60.2%) | 577 (39.8%) | 1.00 | - | ||
| Yes | 252 (61.5%) | 160 (38.5%) | 1.06 (0.65–1.71) | |||
| Teaching characteristics: Subjects teaching equivalent to teachers qualification | 1,858 | |||||
| No | 128 (62.1%) | 75 (37.9%) | - | |||
| Yes | 1,003 (60.7%) | 652 (39.3%) | ||||
| Experience in years | 1,833 | |||||
| <10 yr | 244 (60.6%) | 159 (39.4%) | ||||
| 10–19 yr | 476 (60.8%) | 289 (39.2%) | 1.00 | - | ||
| ≥20 yr | 396 (60.9%) | 269 (39.1%) | 1.01 (0.14–7.32) | |||
| Teach extra class | 1,871 | |||||
| No | 497 (58.4%) | 365 (41.6%) | - | |||
| Yes | 637 (62.2%) | 372 (37.8%) | 1.00 | |||
| Sleep Duration# | 1,871 | |||||
| 7 h and more | 32 (8.3%0 | 354 (91.7%) | 1.00 | |||
| 6 to <7 h | 175 (24.7%) | 534 (75.3%) | 3.62 (2.43–5.41)* | |||
| 5 to <6 h | 396 (70.8%) | 163 (29.2%) | 26.88 (17.92–40.30)* | |||
| <5 h | 200 (92.2%) | 17 (7.8%) | 130.15 (70.49–240.31)* | |||
| Number of students taught per class | 1,790 | - | - | 1.01 (0.10–1.02) | - | |
| Duration of teaching hours per day during school time | 1,797 | - | - | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | - | |
| Total hours of teaching with extra class per day | 1,477 | - | - | 1.06 (1.02–1.11)* | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | |
| Duration of co-curriculum activities per week (h) | 1,799 | - | - | 1.022 (0.90–1.17) | ||
| Mental Health: Depression | 1,821 | - | - | |||
| Anxiety | 1,821 | - | - | 1.09 (1.08–1.11)* | 1.03 (0.96–1.12) | |
| Stress | 1,827 | - | - | 1.08 (1.06–1.10)* | 1.04 (1.02–1.05)* | |
*p<0.05.
**Adjusted for total hours of teaching with extra class per day, depression, anxiety and stress.
# did not include in multivariate model as there is collinearity between sleep duration and PSQI total score.