Table 1.
Summary of anthropogenic factors and their influence on meiosis.
| Factor | Species | Phenotype∗ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Arabidopsis thaliana | ↑CO | Francis et al., 2007 |
| Hordeum vulgare | ↑CO | Phillips et al., 2015 | |
| Endymion non-scriptus | ↓CO | Elliott, 1955 | |
| ↓CO | Wilson, 1959b | ||
| Hyacinthus orientalis | ↑↓CO | Elliott, 1955 | |
| Oryza sativa | ↑CO | Si et al., 2015 | |
| Populus pseudo-simonii | St, L, M, PM, Sp | Wang et al., 2017 | |
| Rhoeo spathacea | ↓CO | Lin, 1982 | |
| Rosa spp. | Sp | Pecrix et al., 2011 | |
| Tradescantia bracteata | ↑CO | Dowrick, 1957 | |
| Triticum aestivum | PM, L, M | Omidi et al., 2014 | |
| Uvularia perfoliata | ↑CO | Dowrick, 1957 | |
| Water stress | Zea Mays | ↑CO | Verde, 2003 |
| Oryza sativa | U, L, M | Namuco and O’Toole, 1986 | |
| Sesbania cannabina | PM, U, L | Srivastava and Kumar, 2016 | |
| Hemerocallis | M | Karihaloo, 1986 | |
| M | Karihaloo, 1994 | ||
| Salinity | Arabidopsis thaliana | ↑CO | Boyko et al., 2006 |
| ↑CO | van Tol et al., 2018 | ||
| Nutrient solution | Gilia millefoliata ×G. achilleaefolia | ↑CO, ↓B | Grant, 1953 |
| Solanum lycopersicum | ↑CO | Griffing and Langridge, 1963 | |
| Triticum aestivum (-Ph1) | ↑CO | Martín et al., 2017 | |
| Potassium | Lolium temulentum | ↑CO | Law, 1963 |
| Pennisetum glaucum | ↑CO | Dhesi, 1975 | |
| Phosphate | Secale cereale | ↑CO | Bennett and Rees, 1970 |
| Hordeum vulgare | ↑CO | Fedak, 1973 | |
| Pennisetum glaucum | ↑CO | Dhesi, 1975 | |
| Festuca pratensis (2x and 4x) | ↓M | Deniz and Tufan, 1998 | |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | ↑↓CO | Barth et al., 2000 | |
| Nitrogen | Secale cereale (4x) | ↑Bivalent | Hossain, 1978 |
| Herbicide | Hordeum vulgare | St, B, M | Wuu and Grant, 1966 |
| St, B, F, M | Wuu, 1967 | ||
| ↓CO | Sharma et al., 1981 | ||
| Sorghum vulgare | A, Sp | Liang et al., 1969 | |
| A, Sp, U | Lee et al., 1974 | ||
| A, B, L | Soriano, 1984 | ||
| Multiple nucleoli, PM | Currie and Liang, 1996 | ||
| Vicia faba | St, L, B, M, A | Amer and Ali, 1974 | |
| St | Badr et al., 1987 | ||
| Triticum durum | B, L | Razu et al., 2014 | |
| Insecticide | Hordeum vulgare | St, B, F, M | Wuu, 1967 |
| Vicia faba | St, B, L | Amer and Ali, 1968 | |
| St, B, L | Amer and Farah, 1968 | ||
| St, B, L, Sp | Amer and Farah, 1976 | ||
| St, B, F, L, U, Sp, M | Amer and Farah, 1980 | ||
| St, L, B | Amer and Farah, 1983 | ||
| St, B, F | Amer and Farah, 1987 | ||
| Capsicum annuum | St, B, L, Sp, M | Devadas et al., 1986 | |
| St, B, L, M, U | Reddy and Rao, 1981 | ||
| ↓CO, S, B, L, U, M | Lakshmi et al., 1988 | ||
| Allium cepa | St, B, L, PM | Kuchy et al., 2016 | |
| Fungicide | Hordeum vulgare | St, B, F, M | Wuu, 1967 |
| ↓CO | Bennett, 1971 | ||
| ↓CO | Sharma et al., 1983 | ||
| Allium cepa | St, B, F, M | Mann, 1977 | |
| St, B, L, M | Fisun and Rasgele, 2009 | ||
| St, B, L, PM | Kuchy et al., 2016 | ||
| Pisum sativum | ↑↓CO | Choudhary and Sajid, 1986 | |
| Capsicum annuum | St, B, L, U, multivalents | Prakash et al., 1988 | |
| Lathyrus sativus | S, B, L, F, U | Kumar and Sinha, 1991 | |
| Heavy Metals | Glycine max | St, L, U, B, PM | Kumar, 2007 |
| Zea mays | PM, B, L, U, F, M | Kumar and Rai, 2010 | |
| Vicia faba | St, L, B | George, 2000 | |
| Hordeum vulgare | PM, L, B, M | Mittal and Srivastava, 2014 | |
| Lathyrus sativus | U, ↓CO | Kumar and Ritambhara, 2006 | |
| St, Sp, L | Tripathi and Girjesh, 2010 | ||
| Capsicum annuum | St, PM, L, B, F, M | Aslam et al., 2017 | |
| Vicia faba | S, St, L, B | George, 2000 | |
| Caffeine | Secale cereale | L, B, ↓CO | de la Peña et al., 1981 |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum | L, B, U, St, PM | Anis and Wani, 1997 | |
| Pathogen | Oryza sativa | ↑CO | Si et al., 2015 |
| Carica papaya | L, B, U | Pandey, 2017 | |
| Datura quercifolia | ↓CO, U, L, M | Kaul, 1968 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum | PM, A | Caldwell, 1952 | |
| Capsicum annuum | ↓CO, Sp | Swaminathan et al., 1959 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum | B, PM, M, F | Andronic, 2012 | |
| Hordeum vulgare | B, PM, L | Andronic, 2012 | |
| Antibiotics | Allium cepa | St, L, P, B, F | Mann, 1978 |
| Lathyrus sativus | U, St, B | Kumar and Sinha, 1991 | |
∗CO, change in crossover rate; St, stickiness; L, laggards; B, bridges; F, fragments; U, univalents; A, aneuploidy; M, micronuclei; PM, precocious movements; Sp, spindle aberrations. ↑ denotes increase, ↓ denotes decrease.