Figure 1.

Structure and cytotoxicity of GB and GK. (A) The structure of GB and GK. (GB molecular formula: C₂₀H₂₄O₁₀; and GK molecular formula: C₂₀H₂₂O₉). (B) Immunostaining of GFAP in primary cultured astrocytes (scale bars, 20 µm). (C) The viability and level of cell death of astrocytes exposed to OGD or OGD+GB/GK. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and cell death was measured by LDH. Quantitative results are the mean ± standard error of the mean, and analyzed from three independent experiments with similar results. *P<0.05, as indicated. GB, ginkgolide B; GK, ginkgolide K; OGD, oxygen-glucose deprivation; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.