Table 1.
Non Beta-lactam resistance in MDR of animal origin vs. antibiotic consumption in the Mediterranean Basin.
| Country | Animal host | Species (number) | blagene Type (number) | Non beta-lactam Resistance | Antibiotic usage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Poultry | E. coli (17) | CTX-M (17) | CMX,NAL,SXT | Unknown | Mezhoud et al., 2015 |
| Poultry | E. coli (16) | CTX-M (2), SHV (14), CMY (4) | AMK, CIP, KAN, NAL, STR, TOB | Belmahdi et al., 2016 | ||
| Poultry | Salmonella spp (11) | CTX-M (11) | CIP | Djeffal et al., 2017 | ||
| Cattle | A. baumannii (1) | NDM (1) | CIP | Chaalal et al., 2016; Yaici et al., 2016 | ||
| Cattle | E. coli (4) | NDM (4), CTX-M (4), CMY (4), | Yaici et al., 2016 | |||
| Birds | E. coli (11) | CTX-M (11) | CIP, NAL, NEO SXT, TET, | Meguenni et al., 2015 | ||
| Birds | A. baumannii (4) | OXA (4) | Morakchi et al., 2017 | |||
| Dogs | E. coli (1) | NDM (1) | FLU, TET | Yousfi et al., 2015 | ||
| Dogs | E. coli (15) | CTX-M (13), SHV (3) | CIP, GEN, NAL, SUL, SXT, TET, TMP, TOB | Yousfi et al., 2016b | ||
| Dogs | E. coli (3) | CTX-M (1), CMY (1), NDM (1), OXA-48 (2) | GEN, CIP, NAL, SXT, TEM, TOB, | Yousfi et al., 2016a | ||
| Cats | E. coli (2) | CMY (1), OXA-48 (2) | CIP, GEN, NAL, SXT, TEM, TOB | Yousfi et al., 2016a | ||
| Cats | E. coli (5) | CTX-M (5) | CIP, NAL, SUL, SXT, TET, TMP, TOB | Yousfi et al., 2016b | ||
| Fish | E. coli (22) | CTX-M (16), TEM (6) | AMK, CIP, CMX, GEN, KAN, NAL, NET, OFX | Brahmi et al., 2016 | ||
| Fish | A. baumannii (2) | OXA-23 (2) | CIP, GEN, KAN, SXT | Brahmi et al., 2016 | ||
| Macaques | K. pneumoniae (7) | CTX-M (7) | CIP, FOS, GEN, SXT | Bachiri et al., 2017 | ||
| Wild Boars | E. coli (30) | CTX-M (30) | AMK, CIP, FOS, GEN, SXT, TET | Bachiri et al., 2017 | ||
| K. pneumoniae (10) | CTX-M (10) | |||||
| Tunisia | Poultry | E. coli (13) | CTX-M (12), CMY (1) | CIP, CHL, GEN, NAL, SXT, SUL, STR, TET | Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Sulphonamides, Trimethoprim | Ben Slama et al., 2010; Ben Sallem et al., 2012 |
| Poultry | E. coli (67) | CTX-M (42), CMY (24) | AMK, GEN, NAL, NOR, SXT, TET | Mnif et al., 2012 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (16) | CTX-M (16) | NAL, SXT, STR, SUL, TET | Kilani et al., 2015 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (7) | CTX-M (7) | NAL, STR, TET, SUL, TMP | Grami et al., 2013 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (10) | CTX-M (8), TEM (1), CMY (2) | NAL, SXT, SUL, TET, STR | Ben Sallem et al., 2012 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (48) | CTX-M (35), CMY (13) | AMK, CIP, GEN, MIN, NAL, SXT, TET | Maamar et al., 2016 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (5) | CTX-M (4), SHV (1) | Jouini et al., 2013 | |||
| Cattle | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | GEN, TOB, TET | Grami et al., 2014 | ||
| Beef | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | CIP, NAL, SXT, SUL, TET | Ben Slama et al., 2010 | ||
| Beef | E. coli (5) | CTX-M (5) | CHL, GEN, STR, SUL, SXT, TET, TOB | Jouini et al., 2013 | ||
| Sheep | E. coli (3) | CTX-M (5), TEM (1) | CIP, GEN, NAL, SXT, SUL, STR, TET | Ben Slama et al., 2010 | ||
| Dogs | E. coli (6) | CTX-M (6) | CHL, ENR. GEN, KAN, NAL, NET, SUL, STR, TET, TMP, TOB | Grami et al., 2013 | ||
| Dogs | E. coli (6) | CTX-M (5), CMY (1) | CIP, NAL, SXT, STR, SUL, TET | Sallem et al., 2013 | ||
| Cats | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP, | Grami et al., 2013 | ||
| Cats | E. coli (8) | CTX-M (8) | CIP, KAN, NAL, STR, SXT, SUL, TET | Sallem et al., 2013 | ||
| Dromedaries | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | SUL, TET | Ben Sallem et al., 2012 | ||
| Egypt | Poultry | E. coli (18) | CTX-M (7), CMY (11) | CHL, CIP, KAN, NAL, SPX, STR, SXT, TET | Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Cefotaxime | Ahmed and Shimamoto, 2013; Dahshan et al., 2015 |
| Poultry | E. coli (9) | CTX-M (2), SHV (1), TEM (1), CMY (1) | CIP, CMX, DOX, GEN, STR | El-Shazly et al., 2017 | ||
| Poultry | K. pneumoniae (15) | NDM (15), KPC (14), OXA (12) | - | Hamza et al., 2016 | ||
| Poultry | K. pneumoniae (11) , K. oxytoca (1) | NDM (12) | Abdallah et al., 2015 | |||
| E. coli (8) | CTX-M (8) | |||||
| K. pneumoniae (40) | CTX-M (40) | |||||
| K. oxytoca (2) | CTX-M (2) | |||||
| Enterobacter spp (9) | CTX-M (9) | |||||
| Cattle | E. coli (112) | CTX-M (106), OXA (6) | FOS, FLU, CMX, CHL, MLS, TET, | Tetracycline, quinolones | Braun et al., 2016 | |
| Cattle | E. coli (8) | CTX-M (2), SHV (5), CMY (1) | NAL, SXT, STR, TET | Ahmed et al., 2009 | ||
| Beef | E. coli (4) | CTX-M (1), SHV (1), CMY (2) | CHL, CIP, GEN, KAN, NAL, SPX, STR, SXT, TET | Fluoroquinolones | Ahmed and Shimamoto, 2015 | |
| Cats | E. coli (5) | CTX-M (5) | Abdel-Moein and Samir, 2014 | |||
| Dogs | E. coli (11) | CTX-M (11) | Abdel-Moein and Samir, 2014 | |||
| K. pneumoniae (3) | CTX-M (3) | |||||
| P. mirabilis (1) | CTX-M (1) | |||||
| Palestine | Cattle | E. coli (287) | CTX-M (287) | SXT, STR, TET | Chlortetracycline, doxycycline, Norfloxacin, Cephalexin, Ceftiofur, Sulfa agents, Gentamicin, Monensin | Adler et al., 2015 |
| K. pneumoniae (4) | SHV (4) | CHL, CIP, GEN | ||||
| Poultry | E. coli (9) | CTX-M (9) | Qabajah et al., 2014 | |||
| Lebanon | Poultry | E. coli (217), K. pneumoniae (8), P. mirabilis (3), E. albertii (2), E. fergusonii (1), E. cloacae (3), | CTX-M, CMY | CIP, GEN, SXT | Gentamicin, Tetracyclines | Dandachi et al., 2018a |
| Cattle | E. coli (27) | CTX-M (27) | CHL, ENR, GEN, KAN, NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Penicillin G - Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin Oxytetracycline, Gentamicin, | Gundogan et al., 2011; Diab et al., 2016 | |
| Fowl | A. baumannii (1) | OXA-48 (1) | AMK, GEN, TOB | Unknown | Al Bayssari et al., 2015b | |
| Horse | A. baumannii (1) | OXA-143 (1) | Rafei et al., 2015 | |||
| Rabbit | A. pitii (1) | OXA-24 (1) | ||||
| Turkey | Poultry | CTX-M (60), SHV (4), CMY (18) | CHL, KAN, NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Tetracycline, Quinolones | Politi et al., 2005; Pehlivanlar Onen et al., 2015 | |
| Cattle | E. coli (3) | CTX-M (2), CMY (1) | NAL, SXT, STR, TET | |||
| Poultry | E. coli (15) | CTX-M (15) | Tekiner and Ozpinar, 2016 | |||
| Cattle | E. coli (19) | CTX-M (19) | ||||
| Croatia | Mussel | Aeromonas. Caviae (25) | CTX-M (11), SHV (11), FOX (3) | Tetracycline, Amphenicol, Penicillins, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Polymixins | Maravić et al., 2013; EMA/ESVAC, 2014 | |
| A. Hydrophila (8) | CTX-M (8), SHV (2) | |||||
| Greece | Poultry | Salmonella enteric (2) | CTX-M (2) | CHL, KAN, STR, SUL, TMP, TET | Unknown | Politi et al., 2005 |
| Dogs | E. coli (8) | CMY (8) | FLU | Vingopoulou et al., 2014 | ||
| Slovenia | Poultry | E. coli (6) | CTX-M (2), SHV (4) | GEN, NAL, STR, SUL | Ceftiofur | Chiaretto et al., 2008 |
| Italy | Poultry, Cattle, Swine | Tetracyclines, Amphenicol, Penicillins, 3rd/4th Cephalosporins, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Polymixins, Pleuromutilins, Tylosin, Flumequine, | ||||
| Poultry | E. coli (8) | CTX-M (7), SHV (1), | CIP | Giufrè et al., 2012 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (60) | CTX-M (45), CIT-like (15) | CIP, GEN, SXT, TET | Ghodousi et al., 2015 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (67) | CTX-M (24), SHV (43) | CIP, NAL, SUL, TMP, TET | Bortolaia et al., 2010 | ||
| Poultry | Salmonella spp (12) | SHV (12) | GENT, NAL, SUL, STR, TET | Chiaretto et al., 2008 | ||
| Poultry | Salmonella infantis (30) | CTX-M (30) | CIP, NAL, SUL, TMP, TET | Franco et al., 2015 | ||
| Swine | Salmonella infantis (2) | CTX-M (2) | ||||
| Cattle | K. ozaenae (5) | CTX-M (5), TEM (1) | Stefani et al., 2014 | |||
| Swine | E. coli (15) | CTX-M (10), TEM (7) | ||||
| Dogs | K. oxytoca (2) | SHV (2), DHA (2) | CIP, GEN, KAN, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Donati et al., 2014 | ||
| K. pneumoniae (11) | CTX-M (11), SHV (5), DHA (1) | CIP, GEN, KAN, NAL, TET, TMP | ||||
| Dogs | K. pneumoniae (1) | CTX-M (1), SHV (1) | CIP, LEV | Bogaerts et al., 2015 | ||
| E. coli (1) | CMY (1) | CIP, LEV | ||||
| Cats | K. oxytoca (2) | CTX-M (2) | CIP, SUL, TMP, TET | Donati et al., 2014 | ||
| K. pneumoniae (4) | CTX-M (2), SHV (2), DHA (1), CMY (1) | CIP, KAN, NAL, SUL, TET, TMP | ||||
| Cats | E. coli (7) | CTX-M (7), CMY (2) | CHL, ENR, GEN, NAL, NIT, SPX, STR, SUL, TET, TMP. | Nebbia et al., 2014 | ||
| France | Poultry, Cattle, Swine | Tetracycline, Amphenicol, Penicillins, 1st/2nd/3rd/4th Cephalosporins, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Polymixins, Pleuromutilins | EMA/ESVAC, 2014 | |||
| Cattle | E. coli (26) | CTX-M (21), TEM (5) | CHL, GENT, SXT | Hartmann et al., 2012 | ||
| Cattle | E. coli (3) | CTX-M (3) | CHL, ENR, FFC, GEN, KAN, NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Meunier et al., 2006 | ||
| Cattle | A. baumannii (9) | OXA-23 (9) | FOS, KAN, TET | Poirel et al., 2012 | ||
| Cattle | E. coli (9) | CTX-M (9) | CHL, ENR, GEN, KAN, NAL, NET, OFX, STR, SUL, TET, TOB, TMP | Madec et al., 2012 | ||
| Cattle | E. coli (5) | CTX-M (5) | APR, CHL, ENR, GEN, KAN, NAL, NET, OFX, STR, SUL, TET, TOB, TMP | Dahmen et al., 2013b | ||
| K. pneumoniae (1) | CTX-M (1) | |||||
| Sheep | K. pneumoniae (3) | CTX-M (3), DHA (3) | NAL, SUL, SXT, TET | Poirel et al., 2013 | ||
| E. fergusonii | CTX-M (1) | |||||
| Veal calves | E. coli (147) | CTX-M (147) | APR, CHL, ENR, FFC, GEN, KAN, NAL, NET, SUL, STR, TET, TOB, TMP | Haenni et al., 2014a | ||
| K. pneumoniae (3) | CTX-M (2), SHV (1) | FLU, SUL, STR, TET, TMP | ||||
| Swine | E. coli (3) | CTX-M (3) | CHL, NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Meunier et al., 2006 | ||
| Dog | E. cloacae (11) | CTX-M (10), SHV (1) | FLU, GEN, KAN, QUI, TET, SUL, STR, TMP | Haenni et al., 2016c | ||
| Dog | E. coli (47) | CTX-M (47), CMY (24) | CHL, GEN, KAN, STR, TOB ENR, FFC, NAL, NET, OFX, SUL, TET, TMP | Haenni et al., 2014a | ||
| Dog | E. coli (9) | CTX-M (8), TEM (1) | GEN, SUL, TET | Poirel et al., 2013 | ||
| K. pneumoniae (8) | CTX-M (8), DHA (1) | GEN, NAL, SUL, SXT, TET | ||||
| K. oxytoca (2) | CTX-M (2) | |||||
| Dog | P. mirabilis (14) | CTX-M (1), CMY (7), DHA (2), VEB (6) | APR, CHL, ENR, GEN, KAN, NAL, NET, STR, SUL, TOB, TMP | Schultz et al., 2017 | ||
| Dog | A. baumannii (2) | OXA-23 (2) | CIP, SXT | Hérivaux et al., 2016 | ||
| Dog | E. coli (3) | CMY (2), OXA-48 (1) | GEN, NAL | Melo et al., 2017 | ||
| Cat | A. baumannii (1) | OXA-23 (1) | GEN, NAL, SUL, STR, TET | Ewers et al., 2016 | ||
| Cat | K. pneumoniae (3) | CTX-M (3), DHA (3) | NAL, SUL, SXT, TET | Unknown | Poirel et al., 2013 | |
| E. coli (3) | CTX-M (3) | GEN, SUL, TET | Unknown | |||
| Cat | P. mirabilis (1) | CMY (1) | ENR, NAL, SUL, TMP | Schultz et al., 2017 | ||
| P. rettgeri (1) | CTX-M (1) | ENR, NAL, SUL, TMP | ||||
| Cat | E. coli (2) | CTX-M (2) | STR, TMP | Melo et al., 2017 | ||
| Cat | E. cloacae (11) | CTX-M (10), SHV (1) | FLU, GEN, KAN, QUI, SUL, STR, TET, TMP | Haenni et al., 2016c | ||
| Companions | E. coli (19) | CTX-M (19) | CIP, NAL, SUL, STR, TET | Dahmen et al., 2013a | ||
| Hedgehog | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1), DHA (1) | NAL, SUL, SXT, TET | Unknown | Poirel et al., 2013 | |
| Tawny Owl | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | ||||
| Domestic goose | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | ||||
| Rock Pigeon | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | ||||
| Horse | E. cloacae (14) | CTX-M (8), SHV (6) | FLU, GEN, KAN, QUI, SUL, STR, TET, TMP | Haenni et al., 2016c | ||
| Horse | P. mirabilis (14) | VEB (2) | ENR, CHL, KAN, NAL, NET, SUL, STR, TOB, TMP | Unknown | Schultz et al., 2017 | |
| Spain | Poultry, Cattle, Swine | Tetracycline, Amphenicol, Penicillins, 3rd/4th Cephalosporins, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Fluoroquinolones, Quinolones, Aminoglycosides, Polymixins, Pleuromutilins | Abreu et al., 2014; EMA/ESVAC, 2014 | |||
| Poultry | E. coli (64) | CTX-M (44), SHV (6), TEM (2), CMY (13) | CHL, CIP, FUR, GEN, KAN, NAL, SUL, SXT, TET, TOB, TMP | Blanc et al., 2006 | ||
| Poultry | S. enterica (2) | CTX-M (1), SHV (1) | NAL, SXT, STR, SUL, TET, | Riaño et al., 2006 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (116) | CTX-M (116) | CIP, NAL, SXT | Abreu et al., 2014 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (11) | CTX-M (6), SHV (2), CMY (2) | CHL, CIP, FFC, GEN, KAN, NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Solà-Ginés et al., 2015b | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (50) | CTX-M (40), CMY (10) | NAL | Cortés et al., 2010 | ||
| Poultry | E. coli (62) | CTX-M (20), SHV (42) | CIP, NAL | Egea et al., 2012 | ||
| Swine | E. coli (20) | CTX-M (20) | Solà-Ginés et al., 2015b | |||
| Swine | S. enteric (1) | SHV (1) | SUL, STR, TET | Riaño et al., 2006 | ||
| Swine | E. coli (39) | CTX-M (27), SHV(12) | CIP, CHL, FUR, GEN, KAN, NAL, SUL, SXT, TET, TMP, TOB | Blanc et al., 2006 | ||
| Swine | E. coli (20) | CTX-M (8), SHV (12) | APR, CIP, GEN, NAL, STR, SUL, TET, TMP | Escudero et al., 2010 | ||
| Dog | E. coli (1) | SHV (1) | CHL, CIP, NAL, SUL, TET, TMP | Teshager et al., 2000 | ||
| Dog | E. coli (1) | CMY (1) | Bogaerts et al., 2015 | |||
| P. mirabilis (2) | CMY (2) | DOX, MIN | ||||
| Dog | K. pneumoniae (2) | CTX-M (1), VIM (1), DHA (1) | González-Torralba et al., 2016 | |||
| E. cloacae (1) | SHV (1) | |||||
| Deer | E. coli (1) | CTX-M (1) | CIP, CHL, NAL, SXT, TET | Unknown | Alonso et al., 2016 | |
| Rabbit | E. coli (1) | CMY (1) | Unknown | Blanc et al., 2006 | ||
| E. cloacae (3) | CTX-M (3) |
*APR, refers to apramycin; AMK, amikacin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CHL, chloramphenicol; CMX, co-trimoxazole; DOX, doxycycline; ENR, enrofloxacin; FFC, florfenicole; FLU, fluoroquinolones; FOS, fosfomycin; FUR, furazolidone; GEN, gentamicin; KAN, kanamycin; LEV, levofloxacin; MIN, minocycline; MLS, Macrolides; NAL, nalidixic acid; NET, netilmicin; NIT, nitrofurantoin; NOR, norfloxacin; OFX, oxofloxacin; QUI, quinolones; SPX, spectinomycin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TEM, temocillin; TET, tetracycline; TMP, trimethoprim; TOB, tobramycin.