Table 1. Demographic data of and clinical manifestation in patients with PKD and PNKD.
| PKD (n=40) | PNKD (n=14) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male:female) | 31:9 | 6:8 | 0.023* |
| Family history (n, %) | 15 (37.5) | 1 (7.1) | 0.043* |
| Onset age (years, mean±SD) | 10.1±3.77 | 5.4±4.95 | 0.001* |
| Presenting symptoms (n, %) | 0.819 | ||
| Dystonia only | 25 (62.5) | 7 (50.0) | |
| Choreoathetosis only | 10 (25.0) | 4 (28.6) | |
| Dystonia+choreoathetosis | 2 (5.0) | 1 (7.1) | |
| Other | 3 (7.5) | 2 (14.3) | |
| Duration of symptom (n, %) | 0.001* | ||
| <1 minutes | 38 (95.0) | 7 (50.0) | |
| ≥1 minutes | 2 (5.0) | 7 (50.0) | |
| Localization (n, %) | 0.066 | ||
| Unilateral | 17 (42.5) | 4 (28.6) | |
| Bilateral | 13 (32.5) | 3 (21.4) | |
| Alternating | 5 (12.5) | 6 (42.9) | |
| Unknown | 5 (12.5) | 1 (7.1) | |
| Facial involvement (n, %) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (7.1) | 0.473 |
| Prodromal symptom (n, %) | 14 (35.0) | 3 (21.4) | 0.507 |
| Other aggravating factors (n, %) | 14 (35.0) | 6 (46.2) | 0.522 |
| Combined medical problem† (n, %) | 15 (37.5) | 9 (64.3) | 0.120 |
| Febrile seizures | 4 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.565 |
| Benign infantile convulsion | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.311 |
| Other epilepsy | 1 (2.5) | 6 (42.9) | 0.001* |
| Others | 6 (15.0) | 5 (35.7) | 0.129 |
| Treatment (n, %) | NA | ||
| Medication given | 37 (92.5) | 13 (92.9) | |
| Mean treatment duration (mean±SD) | 4.9±3.28 | 2.6±2.39 | |
| Symptom reduction (n, %) | 0.202 | ||
| Symptom free | 22 (64.7) | 4 (30.8) | |
| Markedly improved | 8 (23.5) | 6 (46.2) | |
| Minimally improved | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | |
| No change or aggravated | 2 (5.9) | 2 (15.4) |
*p<0.05, †Some patients have two or more comorbidities.
NA: not available, PKD: paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, PNKD: paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia.