Table 1. Studies that specifically involved the antidromic CMAP technique.

First author (Ref.)	Frequency (Hz)	Pulse width (ms)	Intensity range*	Intensity increments*	Contacts	Criteria	Anesthesia	Localization success rate (%)
Shils JL8	60	210	Min to Max stimulator output	0.5	Pairs with cranial anodes. If no activation, more anodes were added	Initial side activated and then relative to the other side based on intensity for laterality. See text and Fig. 4	TIVA, with propofol and fentanyl after intubation	91.3
Mammis A9	5–10	200–300	Not specified	Not specified	Pairs of contacts on the most-lateral columns of a lead	Lead position was adjusted based on EMG symmetry (not defined)	General anesthesia	Not specified
Falowski SM10	3–5	100–600	0–12 mA	Not specified	Select pairs of electrodes (undefined)	Stimulus-evoked CMAP and fluoroscopy used to define the midline (undefined technique)	TIVA, with propofol, narcotics, and benzodiazepines	Not specified
Schoen N11	60–70	Not specified	200–400 mV	50 mV	Not specified	Comparison of left and right stimulation	TIVA with propofol, or dexmedetomidine with a narcotic	Not specified
Tamkus AA12	60	210	Min to Max stimulator output	0.5	Pairs with cranial anodes. If no activation, more anodes were added	See reference 8	TIVA	93.5
Roth SG13	60	300	0–10 units	0.5	Contact of interest based on the predicted sweet spot	Lateralization was determined on one side. Responses of pairs of contacts were at least twofold those of the corresponding contact pair	Not specified	89.0
Air EL14	Initially >50, then >10	200–300	4–10 mA	Not specified	Right and left guarded cathode configuration.	Symmetry between right and left leads used to determine the midline	General anesthesia	100
					Both lateral and midline columns were tested

^*Unspecified units for the device output, and could be either milliamps or volts.

CMAP: compound muscle action potential, Max: maximum, Min: minimum, TIVA: total intravenous anesthetic.