Table 6.

Left ventricular hemodynamics during exercise with and without vagal blockade

	CON-EX			GLY-EX
	Rest	25%	50%	Rest	25%	50%
Heart rate, beats/min
Men	63 ± 8	95 ± 10†	122 ± 16†‡	109 ± 9a	127 ± 13†a	151 ± 15†‡a
Women	61 ± 10	96 ± 8†	122 ± 12†‡	108 ± 15a	126 ± 15†a	145 ± 16†‡a
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg
Men	89 ± 7	96 ± 7†	103 ± 8†‡	88 ± 7	89 ± 9	95 ± 8†‡
Women	77 ± 8*	85 ± 7*†	91 ± 9*†‡	82 ± 10*	80 ± 6*	87 ± 9*†‡
End-diastolic volume, ml
Men	136 ± 18	143 ± 20†	144 ± 21†	125 ± 16	128 ± 19†	130 ± 18†
Women	109 ± 15*	118 ± 18*†	119 ± 17*†	106 ± 15*	113 ± 18*†	118 ± 20†‡
End-diastolic volume, ml/m
Men	49 ± 7	54 ± 7†	53 ± 8†	46 ± 7	48 ± 7	49 ± 6†
Women	47 ± 4	52 ± 5†	52 ± 5†	46 ± 5	49 ± 6†	51 ± 5†‡
End-systolic volume, ml
Men	63 ± 9	59 ± 10	57 ± 9†‡	64 ± 8	58 ± 10†	56 ± 11†
Women	49 ± 9*	47 ± 8*†	44 ± 10*†	51 ± 8*	50 ± 10*	49 ± 10
End-systolic volume, ml/m
Men	23 ± 3	22 ± 3†	21 ± 3†	24 ± 3	22 ± 3†	21 ± 3†
Women	21 ± 3	20 ± 3†	19 ± 3†‡	22 ± 3	22 ± 3	22 ± 3
Stroke volume, ml
Men	73 ± 11	83 ± 11†	87 ± 14†‡	60 ± 9	70 ± 10†	74 ± 9†‡
Women	60 ± 7*	72 ± 12*†	76 ± 9*†‡	55 ± 7	63 ± 10*†	68 ± 12†‡
Stroke volume, ml/m
Men	27 ± 5	31 ± 4†	32 ± 6†‡	23 ± 5	26 ± 3†	27 ± 3†
Women	26 ± 2	31 ± 4†	33 ± 3†‡	24 ± 4	27 ± 3†	30 ± 3†‡
Ejection fraciton, %
Men	53 ± 3	58 ± 2†	60 ± 3†‡	48 ± 2	55 ± 3†	57 ± 4†‡
Women	55 ± 4	61 ± 3*†	64 ± 4*†‡	52 ± 3*	56 ± 3†	58 ± 4†‡
Cardiac output, l/min
Men	4.47 ± 0.39	7.87 ± 0.98†	10.54 ± 1.33†‡	6.57 ± 1.00	8.82 ± 0.83†	11.11 ± 0.89†‡
Women	3.66 ± 0.58*	6.88 ± 1.05*†	9.23 ± 0.96*†‡	5.92 ± 0.91	7.87 ± 1.13*†	9.80 ± 1.40*†‡
Total peripheral resistance, mmHg·l−1· min−1
Men	20.2 ± 2.7	12.4 ± 1.7†	10.0 ± 1.8†‡	13.7 ± 2.2	10.2 ± 1.4†	8.6 ± 0.9†‡
Women	21.5 ± 3.2	12.6 ± 1.9†	10.0 ± 1.3†‡	14.1 ± 2.8	10.3 ± 1.3†	9.0 ± 1.6†‡

Values are means ± SD; n = 17 women and 16 men in the control-exercise (CON-EX) group and 16 women and 17 men in the glycopyrrolate-exercise (GLY-EX) group.

^*P < 0.05 vs. men;

^†P < 0.05 vs. rest;

^‡P < 0.05 vs. 25%.

P values derived from 2 (sex) × 3 (exercise) ANOVA examining main effects for sex, exercise level, and interaction (sex × exercise) are provided in Supplemental Table S2.

^aData analyzed with nonparametric statistics; medians and interquartile ranges are provided in Supplemental Table S4.