Table 1.

Phenotypes resulting from the depletion of TETs in ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm lineages

Lineage	System	TET isoform	Phenotype	References
Ectoderm	Human ESCs	TET1/2/3 triple knockout	Form fewer PAX6+ neuroectoderm cells	[14]
	Neuron stem cells	Tet1 or Tet2 knockdown	Reduce proliferation of neuron stem cells	[90]
	Cortex	Tet2 or Tet3 knockdown	Abnormal accumulation of cell clusters along the radial axis in the intermediate zone and ventricular zone	[34]
	Cerebellar granule cells	Tet1/3 double knockdown	Impair dendritic arborization of cerebellar granule cells	[77]
	Mouse ESCs	Tet3 knockout	Apoptosis of neuron progenitor cells and reduce terminal differentiated neurons	[24]
	Neurons	Tet1 knockout	Increase hippocampal long-term depression and impair memory extinction	[75]
	Neurons	Tet1 overexpression	Promote neurogenesis	[91]
	Retinal neurons	Tet2/3 double knockout	Defects in retinal cells terminal differentiation	[92]
	Cortical neurons	Tet2 knockdown	Reduce neuronal cells survival	[93]
	Head	Tet1 mutation	Defects in neural tube closure	[94]
	Eye and neural	Tet3 knockdown	Eye malformations and small head	[6]
	Oligodendrocyte precursor cells	Tet1, Tet2, or Tet3 knockdown	Reduce mature oligodendrocytes	[95]
	Olfactory sensory neurons	Tet3 overexpression	Disturb axon targeting and olfactory receptor expression	[47]
	Dental pulp cells	TET1 knockdown	Prevent the proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp cells	[96]
Mesoderm	Hematopoietic stem cells	Tet2 knockout	Enhance self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, expansion of myeloid progenitors	[97]
	Bone marrow cells	Tet2 knockdown	Enhance self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, expansion of myeloid progenitors	[31]
	Hematopoietic stem cells	Tet2/3 double knockout	Loss of hematopoietic stem cell-derived blood cells	[98]
	Human ESCs	TET2 knockdown	Impair hematopoietic cell differentiation	[27]
	T cells	Tet2/3 double knockout	Form more iNKT cell in the young mice, and skew major population to NKT17 cells	[74]
	Regulatory T cells	Tet2/3 double knockout	Less regulatory T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes	[86]
	Regulatory T cells	Tet1/2 double knockout	Less regulatory T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes	[83]
	T cells	Tet2 knockout	Impair Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation and cytokine genes induction	[38]
	T cell	Tet2 knockout	Promote memory CD8+ T cells differentiation after viral infection	[99]
	B cells	Tet2/3 double knockout	Block progenitor B cells differentiation and maturation	[7, 61]
	Mast cells	Tet2 knockout	Impair mast cell differentiation, cytokine production, and proliferation	[85]
	Erythroid cells	TET2 or TET3 knockdown	Delay differentiation of erythroid progenitors and regulate terminal differentiation	[84]
	Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	Tet1/2 double knockout	Increase self-renewal of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and reduce osteogenic differentiation	[53]
	Smooth muscle cell	TET2 overexpression	Convert fibroblasts to smooth muscle cells	[51]
	Skeletal muscle myoblasts	Tet2 knockdown	Impair myoblast differentiation	[88]
	Cardiomyocyte	Tet2 knockdown	Downregulate genes related to cardiac muscle contraction and cardiac muscle fiber development	[10]
Endoderm	Intestinal stem cell	Tet1 knockout	Form shorter intestine	[25]
	T84 colon adenocarcinoma cells	Tet1 knockdown	Dysregulate genes related to cell membrane and extracellular space	[100]