Table 2.

Recent findings on T cells and cytokines in canine atopic dermatitis

Cytokine/cell	Function
IL-31	Important role in atopic pruritus [167]. Its serum concentration correlates with the severity of active skin lesions [168]
IL-13	Induces production of PO in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, associated with chronicity of skin lesions and their deterioration [1]
IL-25	Increased in PO-stimulated keratinocytes [1], clinical relevance unclear. In a murine asthma model relevant for Th2-mediated immunity, contributes to a decreased epidermal barrier function in human AD [169–171]
IL-33	Upregulated in chronic lesional skin, similar to atopic humans [172]
CD 34+ cells	Increase in peripheral blood, unclear clinical relevance [173]
CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells	Significantly higher percentage in peripheral blood and correlated with severity of AD [174]