Table 1.

Construction of study categories and study themes

Codes	Categories	Themes
- Repeated examination and examination without finding notification - Ignoring or undermining pain - Being told bad news - Inconsistent information - Shouting and insulting - Restraining for long	- Being infantilized - Undermine woman’s feeling and experiences	Losing control of the childbirth process
- Shifts bring difference - Disallowed to have companionship - Admitted against consensus - No assistance near by	- Obliged to do self-care - Care against will - Privacy as time dependent - Humilating/degrading
- Declined to be examined - Care provider preference - Noticed institution difference - Short stay at health facility	- Not willing to use the service again - Projecting the outcome - Fear of being hurt related to negligence and incompetence - Felt ok for stayed short in institution	Reactions of care recipients to the care received during labour and delivery
- Unhygienic latrine - Staff work burden	- Scarcity of running water - Staff shortage	Resource scarcity as contributor to disrespectful and abusive care