Table 3.
Adjusted associations of frailty and multimorbidity with disability, quality of life and all-cause mortality
| Model 1 Disability (WHODAS 2.0)a |
Model 2 Quality of life (WHOQOL)b |
Model 3 Mortality |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | |
| Frailty | ||||||
| Nonfrail | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Prefrail | 5.02 | (3.24,6.80)* | −2.23 | (−3.23,-1.24)* | 1.48 | (1.05,2.09)* |
| Frail | 13.29 | (9.81,16.78)* | −4.38 | (−6.32,-2.43)* | 1.68 | (1.06,2.68)* |
| Multimorbidity patterns | ||||||
| Pattern 1: Cardiopulmonaryc | 5.05 | (2.86,7.25)* | −1.81 | (−3.04,-0.58)* | 0.82 | (0.58,1.14) |
| Pattern 2: Vascular-metabolicd | 3.27 | (1.40,5.13)* | −1.3 | (−2.34,-0.26)* | 1.47 | (1.03,2.10)* |
| Pattern 3: Mental-musculoskeletale | 5.1 | (2.98,7.22)* | −2.99 | (−4.17,-1.81)* | 0.72 | (0.52,1.01) |
*p < 0.05; β: beta coefficient; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval. aWHODAS 2.0 (0 = no disability, 100 = total disability); bWHOQOL (0 = worst quality of life, 100 = best quality of life). cPattern 1: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and angina; dPattern 2: diabetes, hypertension, stroke and cataracts; ePattern 3: arthritis and depression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education (years), residence, and household income; only the Cox proportional model for mortality risk was adjusted for these variables plus disability (WHODAS 2.0 score)