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. 2018 Sep 28;9:1425. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01425

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Copyright © 2018 Tembo, Mkindi, Mkenda, Mpumi, Mwanauta, Stevenson, Ndakidemi and Belmain.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of different pesticidal plant treatments on crop yield of (A) Pigeon pea grown in Tanzania, (B) Pigeon pea grown in Malawi, (C) Cowpea grown in Tanzania, (D) Cowpea grown in Malawi, (E) Common beans grown in Tanzania and (F) Common beans grown in Malawi. All plant treatments were applied at 10% w/v with 0.1% liquid soap added to the water during the 24 h extraction period. Control–w is the application of water only, Control–ws is the application of water containing 0.1% liquid soap only, and Control+s is the application of the synthetic pesticide Karate 5 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid, Syngenta) which was applied as per the manufacturers' instructions (20 g/ha). Boxes represent mean and 95% confidence intervals, blue markers are max. and min. values, orange markers are median values.