. 2018 Sep 28;9:1425. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01425

Table 1.

Treatment effect on abundance of key pest and beneficial arthropod species and legume crop yield during field cropping trials in the countries of Tanzania and Malawi.

Treatment	Beans						Cowpea						Pigeon pea
	Tanzania			Malawi			Tanzania			Malawi			Tanzania			Malawi
	Pest abundance	Beneficial abundance	Yield (kg/ha)	Pest abundance	Beneficial abundance	Yield (kg/ha)	Pest abundance	Beneficial abundance	Yield (kg/ha)	Pest abundance	Beneficial abundance	Yield (kg/ha)	Pest abundance	Beneficial abundance	Yield (kg/ha)	Pest abundance	Beneficial abundance	Yield (kg/ha)
Control–w	6.3^b	11.3^b	1,194.9^c	7.6^b	12.3^c	1,177.1^c	9.1^c	5.0^b	153.2^e	12.2^c	4.2^b	420.8^c	25.3^c	7.5^b	1,446.9^d	34.1^b	11.5^b	439.2^{d, e}
Control–ws	7.2^b	10.2^b	1,443.2^{b, c}	7.0^b	11.8^c	1,144.1^c	9.6^c	4.5^b	208.1^e	11.8^c	5.6^{b, c}	440.9^c	23.7^c	6.1^b	1,726.4^d	30.5^b	9.9^b	613.8^c
B. pilosa	–	–	–	–	–	–	8.5^c	5.9^b	501.8^{c, d}	10.4^c	3.3^b	818.0^{b, c}	21.4^c	6.5^b	2,351.5^{c, d}	33.2^b	7.3^b	425.8^{d, e}
L. camara	–	–	–	6.7^b	8.5^b	1,693.1^b	7.0^c	6.0^b	683.9^b	8.4^c	5.6^{b, c}	729.8^{b, c}	15.5^b	5.0^b	3,742.4^{a, b}	31.9^b	8.5^b	375.2^{d, e}
L. javanica	2.2^a	9.5^b	1,753.9^{a, b}	–	–	–	6.2^c	5.2^b	491.1^d	2.3^b	7.1^c	873.0^b	14.5^b	5.4^b	3,336.1^{b, c}	30.8^b	8.1^b	644.4^{b, c}
T. diversifolia	5.0^{a, b}	10.7^b	2,034.7^a	4.0^b	6.0^b	1,830.2^b	7.1^c	6.5^b	709.7^b	2.5^b	7.5^c	876.4^b	14.1^b	4.5^b	3,263.7^{b, c}	28.9^b	8.5^b	672.3^{b, c}
T. vogelii	4.2^{a, b}	11.3^b	2,044.9^a	4.5^b	8.4^b	2,337.5^a	3.3^b	4.5^b	1,016.2^a	3.0^b	9.0^c	872.3^b	12.8^{a, b}	4.0^b	4,464.3^a	25.0^b	6.6^b	812.5^b
V. amygdalina	3.7^a	9.2^b	1,575.9^b	6.1^b	8.5^b	2,073.4^{a, b}	7.5^c	5.3^b	647.1^{b, c}	5.0^{b, c}	7.7^c	554.8^{b, c}	11.0^{a, b}	6.9^b	3,496.5^{a, b}	30.1^b	7.0^b	479.5^{d, e}
Control+s	0.9^a	0.1^a	1,659.6^b	1.5^a	0.2^a	2,327.0^a	2.2^a	0.1^a	1,125.2^a	1.1^a	0.0^a	1,322.5^a	7.0^a	0.7^a	4,407.7^a	5.0a	0.9^a	2,285.9^a
F-value	6.1	5.9	14.9	11.7	8.2	34.1	9.5	10.1	111.8	14.3	5.8	10.6	15.6	11.4	24.6	23.2	7.5	28.3
P-value	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001

Abundance values are the average weekly number of three key indicator arthropod species recorded each week over the cropping period. Key pests are aphids, foliage beetles and flower beetles whilst key beneficials are spiders, hoverflies and lady beetles. Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other at the 95% confidence interval using Tukey's post-hoc Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test. Control-w, application of water only; Control-ws, application of water containing 0.1% soap, Control+s, application of synthetic pesticide treatment Karate 5 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin).