Table 1.

An overview of the study characteristics, treatment and comparator, type of evaluation, perspective, year of value and time horizon of the selected studies

Reference	Study characteristics	Treatment and comparator	n	Key findings
24	Patients with NSCLC treated with nivolumab	Nivolumab monotherapy	50	Response to treatment before nivolumab associated with response to nivolumab. Smoking history had no significant influence (never vs current/former smoker ORR 5% vs 26%, p=0.1269).
16	Sequenced exons of NSCLCs	Pembrolizumab	34	Efficacy greater in tumours harbouring smoking signature (ORR 56% vs 17%, p=0.03)
25	EGFR and ALK rearrangements in NSCLC	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors	58	Smoking history had no significant influence (never/light vs heavy smokers ORR 4.2% vs 20.6%, p=0.123).
26	Adenocarcinoma of the lung	Testing PD-L1 tumour proportion score	71	Tumours with a PD-L1 TPS>50% were significantly associated with smoking status.
27	Patients with NSCLC in East Asia. 108 SCC and 221 LUAD.	PD-L1 expression/distribution	329	TPS>50% correlated with smoking history in both SCC (p=0.008) and adenocarcinoma (p=0.002).
17	Pembrolizumab in NSCLC. KEYNOTE-001.	Pembrolizumab10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks, 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks	495	Current/former smoking status was associated with increased ORR (10.3% vs 22.5% in never smokers).
15	Pembrolizumab or platinum-based CT. KEYNOTE-024.	Pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks Platinum	305	ORR 44.8% vs 27.8%. HR for progression/death among smokers 0.68 and former smokers 0.47.
18	Pemetrexed and platinum plus pembrolizumab or placebo in advanced NSCLC. KEYNOTE-189.	Pemetrexed, platinum and pembrolizumab or placebo every 3 weeks	616	88.1% current or former smokers. HR for death among current or former smokers 0.54 versus never smoker 0.23. Progression-free survival HR 0.54 and 0.43, respectively.
19	Nivolumab versus docetaxel in patients with NSCLC. Phase III study.	Nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks versus docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks	582	79% were current/former smokers. HR was 0.70 and 1.02 in former/current smokers and never smokers, respectively.

ALK, anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase; CT, chemotherapy; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ORR, overall response rate; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; TPS, tumour proportion score.