| Morphine-induced memory impairment in rats |
30 mg/kg i.p. for 10 days |
Improves spatial learning capacity and restores LTP, and effect was NMDA receptor dependent |
[86] |
| Scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice |
6 and 12 mg/kg, i.p. for 7 days |
Improves ACh levels and inhibits AChE activity in the hippocampus; prevents the decrease of scopolamine-induced 5-HT |
[70] |
| D-Galactose-induced memory impairment in rats |
20 mg/kg i.p., for 28 days |
Protects NSCs/NPCs by elevating SOX-2 expression level; reduces astrocyte activation indicated by decreasing Aeg-1 expression level; increases the hippocampal cell proliferation and enhances the activity of the antioxidant enzymes GPx and SOD; decreases the pro-inflammatory cytokines but increases telomere lengths and telomerase activity; down-regulates mRNA expression of cellular senescence related genes p53, p21Cip1/Waf1 and p19Arf in hippocampus of aged rats |
[87] |
| Age-Related Cognitive Decline in C57BL/6J mice |
6 mg/kg p.o. every third day |
Upregulates expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-associated proteins such as synaptophysin, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1, postsynaptic density-95, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha, through promoting the activation of mTOR pathway |
[88] |
| Chronic restraint stress in rat |
5 and 10 mg/kg i.p. for 24 days |
Ameliorates decrease in levels of BDNF, TrkB and ERK phosphorylation in prefrontal cortex |
[89] |
| Isoflurane-induced memory impairment in rat |
20 mg/k, i.p. for 7 days |
Reduces caspase-3 activity; upregulates the expression of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β; downregulates mRNA expression levels of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 |
[90] |
| LPS-induced cognitive deficit in rat |
200 mg/kg for 30 days |
Prevents decrease in ACh levels and increase of AChE activity; revert decrease of α7 nAChR protein expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus |
[91] |
| Dexamethasone-induced memory impairment in mice |
2 and 4 mg/kg p.o. for 28 days |
Increases expression of glucocorticosteroid receptor and decreases expression of NLRP1, ASC, caspase-1, caspase-5, IL-1β and IL-18 in hippocampus |
[92] |
| Sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice |
40 and 200 mg/kg 10 ml/kg i.p.1 h before operation |
Attenuates brain histopathologic changes, suppresses Iba1 activation; decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; reduces neuronal apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3 activation) in hippocampus; suppresses the expressions of light chain 3-II and p62 in hippocampus |
[93] |
| Theta-burst stimulation-induced LTP in mice |
0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg i.p. once a day for 30 consecutive days |
Facilitates hippocampal basal synaptic transmission and LTP; up-regulates hippocampal BDNF and p-Akt expression; increases hippocampal dendritic spines |
[94] |
| LTP in rat |
1, 3, or 10 mg/kg systemic administration |
Impairs LTP in HP–mPFC pathway, perhaps by suppressing the firing of a subset of mPFC neurons |
[95] |
| Overexpression of APP and PS1 in mice |
0.1-10 mg/kg i.p. for 30 days |
Repairs hippocampal LTP and memory, likely through facilitating the clearance of AD-associated proteins and activation of BDNF-TrkB pathway |
[96]. |
| 3xTg-AD mice |
20 mg/kg i.p. for 6 weeks |
Improves behavioral deficits in AD via modulating expression of proteins (i.e., CPLX2, SYN2, and SNP25). |
[97] |
