Table 1.

Material properties for PLA and piezoelectric materials.

Material Properties	PLA Bearing [23]	NCE51 (PZT-5A) Piezoelectric [24]
Young’s modulus [GPa]	3.5	52
Poisson’s Ratio	0.42	0.35
Density [kg/m3]	1240	7850
Piezoelectric Constant, d33 [pC/N]	___	443×10−12
Piezoelectric Constant, d31 [pC/N]	___	−180×10−12
Piezoelectric Constant, d15 [pC/N]	___	590×10−12
Relative Permittivity, ${\epsilon }_{33}^T/{\epsilon }_0$	___	1900