Table S1.
Mapping food items into food groups
| Food group | Food item |
|---|---|
| 1. Whole grain | Oatmeal, whole wheat bread, wheat gluten |
| 2. Refined grain | Rice, congee, noodles, pasta, plain roll, roll with filling, rice roll |
| 3. Cakes | Pancakes or waffles, cracker, cake, biscuits |
| 4. Poultry | Chicken with or without skin, duck, goose, pigeon, quail |
| 5. Red meat | Beef, pork, lamb, meat ball, liver |
| 6. Processed meat | Processed meat (eg, bacon, sausages, luncheon meat, ham) Chinese sausage |
| 7. Fish and seafood | Freshwater fish, seawater fish, small fish with edible bone, shrimp, fish ball, seafood ball |
| 8. Eggs | Eggs or preserved eggs |
| 9. Dairy | Whole milk, whole milk powder, skim or low-fat milk, skim or low-fat milk powder, cream, ice cream, cheese, condensed milk, milkshake, milk tea, yogurt |
| 10. Vegetables | Dark green leafy vegetable, cruciferous vegetables, melons, tomato, eggplant, squash, cucumbers, radish and pepper, carrot, fresh corn, allium, fresh beans, mushrooms, fungi |
| 11. Potato | Potato, sweet potato |
| 12. Fruits | Citrus fruits (eg, oranges, tangerines, grapefruit, kiwi), grapes, bananas, melons (eg, watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew), non-citrus fruits (eg, apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, mango, pineapple) |
| 13. Soy foods | Firm tofu (with or out brand name), soft tofu, wrapped tofu, bean curd puff, deep-fried bean curd, deep-fried preserved chou tofu, preserved hot bean curd, preserved bean curd with sesame oil, dried tofu, chauchow dried tofu, soybean, miso paste, green soybean, soybean sprout, layered tofu sheet, commercially prepared miso soup, bean curd sheet, deep-fried tofu stick, tofu stick, bean curd skin, vegetarian ham chicken, vegetarian duck, bean curd pudding, homemade or commercial no brand soymilk, commercially prepared brand soymilk, low-sugar low-fat brand soymilk, soymilk powder |
| 14. Nuts | Peanuts, walnut, almond, cashew nut, pistachio nut, pumpkin seed, sunflower seed |
| 15. Salted foods | Pickles, Chinese-style salted fish |
| 16. Oil and fat | Cooking oil (eg, com oil, peanut oil, olive oil, safflower oil), mayonnaise, butter, margarine |
| 17. Tea | Chinese tea |
| 18. Sugar drinks | Lemon tea, sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages, fruit-flavored drinks |
| 19. Coffee | Coffee |