Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population stratified by absence (HFF≤5.5%) or presence (HFF>5.5%) of NAFL at baseline and by stability or progression/regression of NAFL at follow up
| Baseline HFF ≤ 5.5% | Baseline HFF > 5.5% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 76) | (n = 57) | |||||
| Non Progressors | Progressors | p | Non Regressors | Regressors | p | |
| (n = 59) | (n=17) | (n=44) | (n = 13) | |||
| Clinical features | ||||||
| Age (years) | 14.2 ± 2.6 | 13.8 ± 3.1 | 0 . 696 | 13.3 ± 2.5 | 13.9 ± 2.3 | 0 . 754 |
| Follow up duration (years) | 2.59 ± 1.61 | 2.15 ± 1.46 | 0 . 382 | 2.39 ± 1.42 | 2.00 ± 1.19 | 0 . 333 |
| Sex (M/F) [%] | 19/40 [32.2/67.8] | 4/13 [23.5/76.5] | 0 . 267 | 26/18 [59.1/40.9] | 9/4 [69.2/30.8] | 0 . 722 |
| Race (Caucasian/African American/Hispanic) [%] | 23/25/11 [39.0/42.4/18.6] | 10/1/6 [58.8/5.9/35.3] | 0.006 | 18/4/22 [40.9/9.1/50.0] | 2/2/9 [15.4/15.4/69.2] | 0 . 324 |
| z‐score body mass index | 2.12 ± 0.51 | 2.33 ± 2.21 | 0 . 053 | 2.40 ± 0.27 | 2.27 ± 0.40 | 0 . 199 |
| Changes in body mass index z‐score at follow up | ‐0.07 ± 0.36 | 0.13 ± 0.23 | 0.012 | 0.02 ± 0.22 | ‐0.11 ± 0.23 | 0.030 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.4 ± 6.9 | 35.0 ± 5.8 | 0 . 357 | 34.8 ± 5.0 | 33.6 ± 5.9 | 0 . 528 |
| Body fat mass (%) | 41.3 ± 9.3 | 44.4 ± 5.6 | 0 . 104 | 46.9 ± 8.7 | 42.7 ± 7.5 | 0 . 101 |
| Tanner stage (1/2/3/4/5) [%] | [5.1/8.5/20.3/22.0/44.1] | [11.8/5.9/29.4/17.6/35.3] | 0 . 538 | [9.1/15.9/15.9/20.5/38.6] | [7.7/7.7/38.5/0.0/46.1] | 0 . 140 |
| Changes in tanner stage at follow up (0/+1/+2) [%] | 43/12/4 [72.9/20.3/6.8] | 11/5/1 [64.7/29.4/5.9] | 0 . 795 | 28/11/5 [63.6/25.0/11.4] | 10/3/0 [76.9/23.1/0.0] | 0 . 618 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.2 ± 9.7 | 119.3 ± 12.1 | 0 . 281 | 119.7 ± 8.9 | 121.5 ± 13.0 | 0 . 609 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.8 ± 9.0 | 68.3 ± 8.8 | 0 . 819 | 69.3 ± 4.8 | 69.3 ± 6.9 | 0 . 810 |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 92.5 ± 8.9 | 98.7 ± 8.0 | 0.028 | 96.1 ± 8.5 | 92.4 ± 7.8 | 0 . 186 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 30.3 ± 17.6 | 30.6 ± 9.8 | 0 . 421 | 43.2 ± 22.3 | 43.7 ± 24.3 | 0 . 720 |
| Fasting C peptide (pmol/l) | 1002.0 ± 349.7 | 1312.0 ± 345.4 | 0.005 | 1376.6 ± 427.0 | 1261.0 ± 359.7 | 0 . 394 |
| 2 h glucose (mg/dl) | 125.3 ± 25.3 | 135.1 ± 23.2 | 0 . 867 | 133.3 ± 27.4 | 124.6 ± 24.0 | 0 . 212 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.51 ± 0.40 | 5.55 ± 0.32 | 0 . 308 | 5.51 ± 0.38 | 5.57 ± 0.33 | 0 . 873 |
| Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index (WBISI) | 2.05 ± 1.06 | 1.63 ± 0.56 | 0 . 497 | 1.27 ± 0.67 | 1.20 ± 0.38 | 0 . 638 |
| Insulinogenic index (IGI) | 4.06 ± 3.19 | 3.07 ± 1.41 | 0 . 178 | 5.25 ± 3.70 | 7.00 ± 7.89 | 0 . 219 |
| Disposition index (DI) | 6.85 ± 4.39 | 4.76 ± 2.17 | 0 . 170 | 5.74 ± 5.48 | 8.00 ± 9.81 | 0 . 387 |
| Lipid Profile | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 153.0 ± 29.7 | 150.2 ± 23.4 | 0 . 961 | 158.8 ± 36.9 | 162.7 ± 35.9 | 0 . 674 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.7 ± 12.9 | 42.7 ± 11.5 | 0 . 606 | 43.0 ± 10.4 | 37.7 ± 5.9 | 0 . 138 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 90.2 ± 24.1 | 89.4 ± 21.7 | 0 . 849 | 89.3 ± 33.5 | 96.3 ± 27.3 | 0 . 457 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 80.5 ± 41.7 | 91.7 ± 32.1 | 0 . 893 | 147.8 ± 111.2 | 143.5 ± 69.0 | 0 . 875 |
| Body fat distribution | ||||||
| Hepatic fat fraction (%) | 0.98 ± 1.36 | 1.56 ± 1.63 | 0 . 841 | 21.27 ± 10.34 | 12.30 ± 6.18 | 0.005 |
| Changes in hepatic fat fraction at follow up (%) | ‐0.11 ± 1.47 | 9.21 ± 9.01 | <0.001 | 1.19 ± 11.13 | ‐10.34 ± 6.55 | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 49.9 ± 23.7 | 68.2 ± 26.4 | 0 . 200 | 79.1 ± 23.6 | 68.9 ± 30.1 | 0 . 677 |
| Subcutaneous Fat (cm2) | 496.0 ± 196.7 | 537.7 ± 217.9 | 0 . 360 | 525.1 ± 145.0 | 564.4 ± 236.1 | 0.011 |
| Liver enzymes | ||||||
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 17.1 ± 13.6 | 25.0 ± 29.9 | 0 . 849 | 45.2 ± 34.2 | 32.4 ± 27.8 | 0 . 369 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 20.0 ± 7.4 | 21.3 ± 12.9 | 0 . 756 | 32.5 ± 17.1 | 26.8 ± 10.3 | 0 . 462 |
| γ‐Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 21.7 ± 19.7 | 23.8 ± 15.4 | 0 . 250 | 26.3 ± 19.8 | 16.6 ± 6.1 | 0 . 217 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 166.5 ± 92.0 | 218.6 ± 128.9 | 0 . 165 | 182.1 ± 89.8 | 144.0 ± 105.7 | 0 . 075 |
P values adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and z‐score BMI when appropriate. Statistically significant p values are indicated in bold.