Table 2.
Factors associated with condomless sex at last sex during pregnancy in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in Tshwane, South Africa (n=382 sexually active pregnant women)
| Total (n, %)* | Condom used at last sex | Condomless sex at last sex | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 382 | 123 (32%) | 259 (68%) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 30 (26–34) | 30 (26–34) | 30 (26–34) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.06) | |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than secondary | 208 (55%) | 66 (54%) | 142 (54%) | ref | ||
| Secondary or greater | 174 (45%) | 57 (46%) | 117 (45%) | 1.05 (0.68, 1.61) | ||
| Relationship with father of child | ||||||
| Steady partner (married, cohabiting) | 213 (56%) | 72 (58%) | 141 (54%) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.37) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.54) | |
| Occasional partner (no relationship, not cohabiting, casual partner) | 166 (43%) | 49 (40%) | 117 (45%) | ref | ref | |
| Divorced | 3 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |||
| Knew HIV status before this visit | ||||||
| Yes | 236 (62%) | 92 (75%) | 144 (56%) | 2.37 (1.47, 3.81) | 2.46 (1.54, 3.92) | |
| No | 146 (38%) | 31 (25%) | 115 (44%) | ref | ref | |
| Employment status (mother) | ||||||
| Full-time, part-time or self-employed | 160 (42%) | 55 (45%) | 105 (40%) | 1.19 (0.77, 1.83) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.94) | |
| Unemployed | 222 (58%) | 68 (55%) | 154 (60%) | ref | ref | |
| Father of child employed | 150 (67%) | |||||
| Full-time, part-time or self-employed | 210 (93%) | 75 (94%) | 135 (93%) | 1.22 (0.41, 3.65) | ||
| Unemployed | 16 (7%) | 5 (6%) | 11 (7%) | ref | ||
| Income per month | ||||||
| None | 37 (9%) | 8 (6%) | 29 (10%) | ref | ||
| <$80 per month | 132 (31%) | 40 (29%) | 92 (32%) | 1.58 (0.66, 3.74) | ||
| $81–$400 per month | 213 (50%) | 78 (57%) | 135 (46%) | 2.09 (0.91, 4.81) | ||
| $400–$800 per month | 38 (9%) | 10 (7%) | 28 (10%) | 1.29 (0.45, 3.76) | ||
| >$800 per month | 8 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 7 (2%) | 0.52 (0.04, 4.84) | ||
| Ever treated with STI | 48 (11%) | 16 (12%) | 32 (11%) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.28) | ||
| Sexual history | ||||||
| How long ago was last sex: | ||||||
| 0–7 days ago | 247 (65%) | 71 (58%) | 176 (68%) | ref | ref | |
| 8–30 days ago | 97 (25%) | 39 (32%) | 58 (22%) | 1.67 (1.02, 2.72) | 1.71 (1.04, 2.81) | |
| 31–60 days ago | 29 (7%) | 9 (7%) | 19 (7%) | 1.17 (0.51, 2.72) | 1.25 (0.59, 2.66) | |
| >60 days ago | 10 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 6 (2%) | 1.65 (0.45, 6.03) | 1.55 (0.74, 3.26) | |
| More than 1 sex partner during pregnancy | 69 (18%) | 22 (18%) | 48 (18%) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.74) | ||
| Suspect partner has other partners | 132 (35%) | 33 (27%) | 99 (38%) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | ||
| Frequency of condom use since pregnant | ||||||
| All the time | 34 (15%) | 34 (41%) | 3 (2%) | ref | ref | |
| Sometimes | 78 (32%) | 41 (49%) | 37 (24%) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.35) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.34) | |
| Never | 125 (52%) | 8 (10%) | 117 (74%) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | |
| Partner’s serostatus | ||||||
| Same (e.g. concordant HIV-positive) | 90 (27%) | 38 (36%) | 52 (23%) | 3.38 (1.92, 5.96) | 3.17 (1.84, 5.50) | |
| Different (e.g. discordant) | 67 (20%) | 37 (35%) | 30 (13%) | 5.70 (3.58, 10.55) | 6.50 (3.59, 11.80) | |
| Don’t know | 180 (53%) | 32 (30%) | 148 (64%) | ref | ref | |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | ||||||
| Frequency of alcohol use since pregnant | ||||||
| Never | 320 (84%) | 104 (85%) | 216 (83%) | ref | ||
| Monthly or less | 46 (12%) | 16 (13%) | 30 (12%) | 1.11 (0.58, 2.12) | ||
| 2+ times/month | 16 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 13 (5%) | 0.50 (0.13, 1.72) | ||
| Among drinkers, quantity consumed when drinking alcohol | ||||||
| 1–2 drinks | 27 (44%) | 8 (42%) | 19 (44%) | ref | ||
| 3–4 drinks | 19 (31%) | 8 (42%) | 11 (26%) | 1.73 (0.51, 5.91) | ||
| 5+ drinks | 16 (26%) | 3 (16%) | 13 (30%) | 0.55 (0.12, 2.46) | ||
*
2 women were missing condom reporting
**
each variable was run independently adjusting for age, partnership status and income
**
bold: p<0.10