Table 3.
Factors associated with any sexually transmitted infection (CT, NG and/or TV) in pregnant HIV-infected women in Tshwane, South Africa (n=430 women)
| Total (n, %) | No STI (n, %) | Any STI (n, %)* | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 430 | 256 (59%) | 174 (41%) | |||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 30 (26–34) | 31 (27–35) | 29 (25–33) | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | |
| Gestational age (median, IQR) | 20 (14, 25) | 20 (14–24) | 21 (14–25) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than secondary | 236 (55%) | 132 (52%) | 104 (60%) | ref | ||
| Secondary or greater | 194 (45%) | 124 (48%) | 70 (40%) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.06) | ||
| Relationship with father of child | ||||||
| Occassional partner (no relationship, not cohabiting or casual partner) | 199 (46%) | 103 (40%) | 96 (55%) | 1.52 (1.05, 2.20) | 1.42 (0.97, 2.03) | |
| Steady partner (married, cohabiting) | 225 (53%) | 148 (58%) | 77 (45%) | ref | ref | |
| Divorced or widowed | 5 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 0 (0%) | -- | -- | |
| Knew HIV status before this visit | ||||||
| Yes | 271 (63%) | 162 (63%) | 109 (63%) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) | ||
| No | 159 (37%) | 94 (37%) | 65 (37%) | |||
| Mother employed | ||||||
| Full-time, part-time or self-employed | 178 (41%) | 118 (46%) | 60 (35%) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.55) | |
| Unemployed | 251 (59%) | 138 (54%) | 113 (65%) | ref | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Virally suppressed at last viral load done (<400 copies) (n=234 missing) | 124 (63%) | 77 (69%) | 47 (55%) | 0.55 (0.04, 0.30) | 0.58 (0.32, 1.07) | |
| Last known CD4 <200 vs. =>200 cells/mL (n=114 missing) | 53 (17%) | 38 (20%) | 15 (12%) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.65) | ||
| Ever diagnosed with STI | 48 (11%) | 34 (13%) | 14 (8%) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.10) | ||
| Sexual history | ||||||
| Sex during pregnancy (yes vs. no) | 382 (89%) | 228 (89%) | 154 (89%) | 1.00 (0.54, 1.85) | ||
| Fellatio during pregnancy | 30 (8%) | 18 (8%) | 12 (8%) | 0.99 (0.47, 2.11) | ||
| Anal sex during pregnancy | 9 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 4 (3%) | 1.19 (0.31, 4.50) | ||
| How long ago was last sex: | ||||||
| 0–7 days ago | 247 (58%) | 150 (59%) | 97 (57%) | 0.62 (0.32, 1.20) | 0.82 (0.31, 1.21) | |
| 8–30 days ago | 102 (23%) | 59 (23%) | 43 (25%) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.44) | 0.67 (0.32, 1.40) | |
| 31–60 days ago | 36 (9%) | 26 (10%) | 10 (6%) | 0.37 (0.14, 0.95) | 0.35 (0.13, 0.92) | |
| >60 days ago | 41 (10%) | 20 (8%) | 21 (12%) | ref | ref | |
| Sex frequency during pregnancy | ||||||
| >5 times vs. ≤5 times | 95 (51%) | 54 (46%) | 41 (60%) | 1.80 (0.98, 3.30) | 1.88 (1.01, 3.49) | |
| More than 1 sex partner during pregnancy | 77 (18%) | 46 (18%) | 31 (18%) | 0.99 (0.60, 1.64) | ||
| Suspect partner has other partners | 153 (36%) | 89 (35%) | 64 (37%) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | ||
| Condom use at last sex | 137 (32%) | 82 (32%) | 55 (32%) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.49) | ||
| Frequency of condom use since pregnant | ||||||
| All the time | 37 (15%) | 25 (17%) | 12 (13%) | ref | ||
| Sometimes | 80 (33%) | 42 (28%) | 38 (40%) | 1.88 (0.83, 4.26) | ||
| Never | 127 (52%) | 81 (55%) | 46 (48%) | 1.18 (0.54, 2.57) | ||
| Partner’s serostatus | ||||||
| Same (e.g. concordant HIV-positive) | 103 (28%) | 59 (27%) | 44 (29%) | 1.10 (0.68, 1.78) | ||
| Different (e.g. discordant) | 74 (20%) | 44 (20%) | 30 (20%) | 1.01 (0.58, 1.73) | ||
| Don’t know | 198 (53%) | 118 (53%) | 80 (51%) | ref | ||
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | ||||||
| Frequency of alcohol use since pregnant | ||||||
| Never | 365 (85%) | 224 (88%) | 141 (81%) | ref | ||
| Monthly or more frequently | 65 (15%) | 33 (13%) | 33 (19%) | 1.97 (1.07, 3.63) | 1.48 (0.67, 3.27) | |
| Among drinkers, quantity consumed when drinking alcohol during pregnancy | ||||||
| 1–2 drinks | 28 (44%) | 15 (50%) | 12 (38%) | ref | ||
| 3–4 drinks | 19 (30%) | 6 (19%) | 13 (41%) | 2.89 (0.85, 9.82) | ||
| 5+ drinks | 17 (27%) | 10 (31%) | 7 (22%) | 0.93 (0.28, 3.17) | ||
*
missing values if does not equal total n
**
each variable was run independently adjusting for age and employment
bold: p<0.10